The document discusses various respiratory tract infections that can occur in the upper and lower respiratory system. It provides details on:
- Common upper respiratory infections like rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis which affect the nose, sinuses, throat, and voice box.
- Symptoms, causes (often viral or bacterial), and treatment options for each condition.
- Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and mechanisms of gas exchange.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It provides overviews of several respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma, emphysema, and sarcoidosis, describing their causes, symptoms, and impacts.
The respiratory system is a vital organ system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the environment. Its primary function is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide. Here’s an overview of the components and functions of the respiratory system:
Components of the Respiratory System
Nose and Nasal Cavity
Function: Filters, warms, and moistens the air; detects odors.
Components: Nostrils, nasal septum, nasal conchae.
Pharynx (Throat)
Function: Passageway for air and food.
Divisions: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
Larynx (Voice Box)
Function: Produces sound; routes air and food into the proper channels.
Components: Epiglottis, vocal cords, thyroid cartilage.
Trachea (Windpipe)
Function: Conducts air to the bronchi.
Structure: C-shaped cartilaginous rings maintain an open airway.
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Function: Conduct air from the trachea to the lungs; branch into smaller passages.
Structure: The right and left primary bronchi lead into the lungs and branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi, and then into bronchioles.
Lungs
Function: Main organs of respiration; contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Structure: The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and the left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior).
Alveoli
Function: Site of gas exchange; oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Structure: Tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
Functions of the Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
Oxygen Intake: Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses through the alveoli into the blood.
Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled.
Regulation of Blood pH
Carbon Dioxide Levels: The respiratory system helps regulate blood pH by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide through breathing.
Protection
Filtering Mechanisms: The nasal hairs, mucus, and cilia trap dust, pathogens, and other particles.
Reflexes: Coughing and sneezing expel irritants from the respiratory tract.
Sound Production
Vocal Cords: Air passing through the larynx vibrates the vocal cords to produce sound.
Olfaction (Sense of Smell)
Olfactory Receptors: Located in the nasal cavity, these receptors detect airborne chemicals.
Breathing Process
Inhalation (Inspiration)
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles: The diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the intercostal muscles lift the ribs, expanding the thoracic cavity and reducing pressure, drawing air in.
Exhalation (Expiration)
Relaxation of Muscles: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, increasing pressure and pushing air out.
Control of Breathing
Medulla Oblongata and Pons: These brainstem regions regulate the rate and depth of breathing.
Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla, aorta, and carotid arteries, these receptors monitor levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood pH, and adjust breathing accordingly.
Health and Diseases of the Respiratory System
Common Cond
The respiratory system functions to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the body, allow for gas exchange in the alveoli, and provide resonating chambers for speech. It includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli. Common respiratory diseases include the common cold caused by viruses, pneumonia which is an inflammatory lung disease often caused by bacteria or viruses, and lung cancer which is uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues.
The respiratory system provides the route for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx continues this process and is involved in swallowing and speech. The larynx contains the vocal cords and protects the lungs. The trachea divides into bronchi which branch into smaller bronchioles throughout the lungs, ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help the immune system. The most common cause is a bacterial infection like streptococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, earache. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics, and potentially tonsillectomy for chronic cases. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated. Chronic tonsillitis can lead to recurring sore throats and difficulty swallowing if infections are not resolved.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The sinuses are the frontal (the lower forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (beside the upper nose), and sphenoid (behind the nose).
2. The human respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs.
3. The nasal cartilages are small, elastic cartilages extending laterally from the nasal bridge that help keep the nostrils open.
4. The three main functions of the nose are to filter the air, humidify the air, and warm the air.
5. The left lung
The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms, moistens, and filters air and contains smell receptors. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries. Breathing involves inhalation that draws air into the lungs and exhalation that forces air out.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It describes the upper respiratory tract including the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx. It then describes the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It provides overviews of several respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma, emphysema, and sarcoidosis, describing their causes, symptoms, and impacts.
The respiratory system is a vital organ system responsible for gas exchange between the body and the environment. Its primary function is to supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide. Here’s an overview of the components and functions of the respiratory system:
Components of the Respiratory System
Nose and Nasal Cavity
Function: Filters, warms, and moistens the air; detects odors.
Components: Nostrils, nasal septum, nasal conchae.
Pharynx (Throat)
Function: Passageway for air and food.
Divisions: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
Larynx (Voice Box)
Function: Produces sound; routes air and food into the proper channels.
Components: Epiglottis, vocal cords, thyroid cartilage.
Trachea (Windpipe)
Function: Conducts air to the bronchi.
Structure: C-shaped cartilaginous rings maintain an open airway.
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Function: Conduct air from the trachea to the lungs; branch into smaller passages.
Structure: The right and left primary bronchi lead into the lungs and branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi, and then into bronchioles.
Lungs
Function: Main organs of respiration; contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Structure: The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) and the left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior).
Alveoli
Function: Site of gas exchange; oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
Structure: Tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.
Functions of the Respiratory System
Gas Exchange
Oxygen Intake: Oxygen from inhaled air diffuses through the alveoli into the blood.
Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is exhaled.
Regulation of Blood pH
Carbon Dioxide Levels: The respiratory system helps regulate blood pH by controlling the levels of carbon dioxide through breathing.
Protection
Filtering Mechanisms: The nasal hairs, mucus, and cilia trap dust, pathogens, and other particles.
Reflexes: Coughing and sneezing expel irritants from the respiratory tract.
Sound Production
Vocal Cords: Air passing through the larynx vibrates the vocal cords to produce sound.
Olfaction (Sense of Smell)
Olfactory Receptors: Located in the nasal cavity, these receptors detect airborne chemicals.
Breathing Process
Inhalation (Inspiration)
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles: The diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the intercostal muscles lift the ribs, expanding the thoracic cavity and reducing pressure, drawing air in.
Exhalation (Expiration)
Relaxation of Muscles: The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, increasing pressure and pushing air out.
Control of Breathing
Medulla Oblongata and Pons: These brainstem regions regulate the rate and depth of breathing.
Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla, aorta, and carotid arteries, these receptors monitor levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and blood pH, and adjust breathing accordingly.
Health and Diseases of the Respiratory System
Common Cond
The respiratory system functions to warm, moisten, and filter air entering the body, allow for gas exchange in the alveoli, and provide resonating chambers for speech. It includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli. Common respiratory diseases include the common cold caused by viruses, pneumonia which is an inflammatory lung disease often caused by bacteria or viruses, and lung cancer which is uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues.
The respiratory system provides the route for oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to exit. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air. The pharynx continues this process and is involved in swallowing and speech. The larynx contains the vocal cords and protects the lungs. The trachea divides into bronchi which branch into smaller bronchioles throughout the lungs, ending in alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are masses of lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help the immune system. The most common cause is a bacterial infection like streptococcus. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, earache. Treatment involves pain relief, antibiotics, and potentially tonsillectomy for chronic cases. Complications can include abscesses if left untreated. Chronic tonsillitis can lead to recurring sore throats and difficulty swallowing if infections are not resolved.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The sinuses are the frontal (the lower forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (beside the upper nose), and sphenoid (behind the nose).
2. The human respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs.
3. The nasal cartilages are small, elastic cartilages extending laterally from the nasal bridge that help keep the nostrils open.
4. The three main functions of the nose are to filter the air, humidify the air, and warm the air.
5. The left lung
The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. The lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms, moistens, and filters air and contains smell receptors. The lungs contain alveoli where gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries. Breathing involves inhalation that draws air into the lungs and exhalation that forces air out.
The respiratory system has three main functions: gas exchange, regulating blood pH, and producing sounds. It consists of the upper respiratory tract including the nose and pharynx, and the lower tract including the lungs. Respiration has three steps: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration of gas exchange in the lungs, and internal respiration of gas exchange in tissues. The lungs obtain oxygen and expel carbon dioxide through breathing which involves the muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall. The document then discusses various respiratory structures, processes, and disorders in more detail.
The human respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The lower respiratory tract includes the bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli where gas exchange occurs between inhaled air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. The respiratory system works to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through a process of breathing and respiration.
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms and filters air before it reaches the lungs. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food. It leads to the larynx, which contains the vocal cords and protects the lungs by closing during swallowing. The trachea divides into the two main bronchi that enter each lung and further divide into smaller bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The primary functions of the respiratory system are to supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide waste from the body.
The respiratory system has both primary and secondary functions. Its primary functions are to provide oxygen for metabolism and remove carbon dioxide. Its secondary functions include facilitating smell, producing speech, and maintaining acid-base balance and body water levels. The respiratory system includes the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs). The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and are surrounded by pleura. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air, blood, and tissues in tiny sacs called alveoli located in the lungs.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Delve into valuable content elucidating the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, in line with the PCI syllabus for pharmacy and PharmD students.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxAyurgyan2077
Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system basics. The structural and functional unit of life are called cells. The group of cells with similar structure and function constitute a tissue and similar group of tissues constitute an organ. Likewise, the similar functioning organs constutute the body system.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated muscles. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air using hairs, mucus and cilia. The pharynx is a muscular passageway that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and allows for breathing and swallowing. The larynx, or voice box, contains cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which support the vocal cords and epiglottis.
The lungs are located in the chest cavity and are responsible for respiration. They consist of an upper respiratory system including the nose, pharynx and larynx, and a lower respiratory system including the bronchi and lungs. The lungs are divided into lobes and segments. Air enters the lungs through the trachea and bronchi, where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli before oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system and details about the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It describes the key components of the respiratory system including the airways, lungs, blood vessels and muscles. It then discusses the nasal cavity, outlining its three divisions and functions. Finally, it covers the four pairs of paranasal sinuses, naming each pair and describing their locations and innervations.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose and pharynx warm and humidify incoming air before it reaches the lungs. The trachea branches into bronchi which further divide into bronchioles and terminate in alveoli in the lungs. Gas exchange occurs across the thin alveolar membranes, and respiration is controlled by the medulla, chemoreceptors, and mechanical stretch receptors. Major respiratory disorders include COPD and lung cancer.
The Respiratory System in the Head and NeckHadi Munib
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the respiratory system in the head and neck region, including the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. It discusses the external features, internal structures, blood supply, nerve innervation, and functions of these areas. The nasal cavity is divided by the septum and contains three meatuses for drainage of the paranasal sinuses. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid that support the vocal cords.
This document provides information about nasal polyps through three parts. Part 1 discusses the anatomy of the nasal cavity and its relationship to polyps. It describes the structures of the nasal septum and lateral walls. Part 2 defines nasal polyps and classifies them according to location. It also discusses their etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, diagnosis and treatment options. Part 3 presents two case studies of patients presenting with nasal polyps - one involving an antrochoanal polyp and the other involving bilateral ethmoid polyps. Both cases discuss the relevant history, examination findings, investigations, diagnoses and treatment plans.
Unit 1; Respiratory System, Educational Platform.pdfZiaUddin5613
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including:
1) Definitions of respiration and the respiratory system.
2) Descriptions of the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, lungs).
3) Explanations of the structure and function of key respiratory organs like the lungs, alveoli, and capillaries to facilitate gas exchange.
4) A brief discussion of the mechanics of respiration including ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx while the lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory tract transports air to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. It divides into a conducting portion from the nose to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs in alveoli. The lungs have lobes and are made of branching bronchial tubes that terminate in alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin epithelial walls.
drugs acting on respiratory system.&pathophysiology of respiratory sys.Vicky Anthony
this ppt contains a general overview of the respiratory system,its pathophysiology and common drugs that act on respiratory system .....all these topics are covered in a short overview.
CLINICAL ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMCyril Skaria
This document provides an overview of the clinical anatomy of the respiratory system. It describes the main components including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tree, and alveoli. It then discusses some common congenital anomalies such as tracheal stenosis, tracheo-esophageal fistula, bronchial atresia, and lung agenesis. Tracheo-esophageal fistula is classified into types A through E depending on the location and nature of the esophageal atresia and fistula. Bronchial atresia is the focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental bronchus. Lung agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly where
This document provides information on nursing management of respiratory disorders in adults and elderly patients. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and assessment of respiratory issues. It then covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of various respiratory conditions including upper and lower respiratory tract infections, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and others. It also mentions respiratory therapies, procedures, drugs and nursing assessments and interventions for respiratory disorders.
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to tissues and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. The nose warms and filters air before it reaches the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli between air and blood. Oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The respiratory system regulates gas exchange and protects the lungs.
Respiratory system B pharmacy 2nd semester ZaibaFathima8
It has everything you need to know in the second semester of Bachelor of Pharmacy ass per the PCI syllabus.
I prepared this PowerPoint presentation to teach my beloved juniors to hope you can understand. If you want a more detailed PPT leave it in the comments.
The respiratory system has three main functions: gas exchange, regulating blood pH, and producing sounds. It consists of the upper respiratory tract including the nose and pharynx, and the lower tract including the lungs. Respiration has three steps: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration of gas exchange in the lungs, and internal respiration of gas exchange in tissues. The lungs obtain oxygen and expel carbon dioxide through breathing which involves the muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall. The document then discusses various respiratory structures, processes, and disorders in more detail.
The human respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tract. The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The lower respiratory tract includes the bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli where gas exchange occurs between inhaled air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. The respiratory system works to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide through a process of breathing and respiration.
The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose warms and filters air before it reaches the lungs. The pharynx is a passageway for air and food. It leads to the larynx, which contains the vocal cords and protects the lungs by closing during swallowing. The trachea divides into the two main bronchi that enter each lung and further divide into smaller bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. The primary functions of the respiratory system are to supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide waste from the body.
The respiratory system has both primary and secondary functions. Its primary functions are to provide oxygen for metabolism and remove carbon dioxide. Its secondary functions include facilitating smell, producing speech, and maintaining acid-base balance and body water levels. The respiratory system includes the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs). The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and are surrounded by pleura. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air, blood, and tissues in tiny sacs called alveoli located in the lungs.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Delve into valuable content elucidating the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, in line with the PCI syllabus for pharmacy and PharmD students.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptxAyurgyan2077
Anatomy and physiology of respiratory system basics. The structural and functional unit of life are called cells. The group of cells with similar structure and function constitute a tissue and similar group of tissues constitute an organ. Likewise, the similar functioning organs constutute the body system.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and associated muscles. The nose warms, moistens and filters inhaled air using hairs, mucus and cilia. The pharynx is a muscular passageway that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and allows for breathing and swallowing. The larynx, or voice box, contains cartilages including the thyroid and cricoid cartilages which support the vocal cords and epiglottis.
The lungs are located in the chest cavity and are responsible for respiration. They consist of an upper respiratory system including the nose, pharynx and larynx, and a lower respiratory system including the bronchi and lungs. The lungs are divided into lobes and segments. Air enters the lungs through the trachea and bronchi, where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli before oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins.
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system and details about the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It describes the key components of the respiratory system including the airways, lungs, blood vessels and muscles. It then discusses the nasal cavity, outlining its three divisions and functions. Finally, it covers the four pairs of paranasal sinuses, naming each pair and describing their locations and innervations.
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The nose and pharynx warm and humidify incoming air before it reaches the lungs. The trachea branches into bronchi which further divide into bronchioles and terminate in alveoli in the lungs. Gas exchange occurs across the thin alveolar membranes, and respiration is controlled by the medulla, chemoreceptors, and mechanical stretch receptors. Major respiratory disorders include COPD and lung cancer.
The Respiratory System in the Head and NeckHadi Munib
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the respiratory system in the head and neck region, including the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. It discusses the external features, internal structures, blood supply, nerve innervation, and functions of these areas. The nasal cavity is divided by the septum and contains three meatuses for drainage of the paranasal sinuses. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid and cricoid that support the vocal cords.
This document provides information about nasal polyps through three parts. Part 1 discusses the anatomy of the nasal cavity and its relationship to polyps. It describes the structures of the nasal septum and lateral walls. Part 2 defines nasal polyps and classifies them according to location. It also discusses their etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, diagnosis and treatment options. Part 3 presents two case studies of patients presenting with nasal polyps - one involving an antrochoanal polyp and the other involving bilateral ethmoid polyps. Both cases discuss the relevant history, examination findings, investigations, diagnoses and treatment plans.
Unit 1; Respiratory System, Educational Platform.pdfZiaUddin5613
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including:
1) Definitions of respiration and the respiratory system.
2) Descriptions of the upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, lungs).
3) Explanations of the structure and function of key respiratory organs like the lungs, alveoli, and capillaries to facilitate gas exchange.
4) A brief discussion of the mechanics of respiration including ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
The respiratory system consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavity and pharynx while the lower tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory tract transports air to the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs. It divides into a conducting portion from the nose to terminal bronchioles and a respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs in alveoli. The lungs have lobes and are made of branching bronchial tubes that terminate in alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with blood through thin epithelial walls.
drugs acting on respiratory system.&pathophysiology of respiratory sys.Vicky Anthony
this ppt contains a general overview of the respiratory system,its pathophysiology and common drugs that act on respiratory system .....all these topics are covered in a short overview.
CLINICAL ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMCyril Skaria
This document provides an overview of the clinical anatomy of the respiratory system. It describes the main components including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tree, and alveoli. It then discusses some common congenital anomalies such as tracheal stenosis, tracheo-esophageal fistula, bronchial atresia, and lung agenesis. Tracheo-esophageal fistula is classified into types A through E depending on the location and nature of the esophageal atresia and fistula. Bronchial atresia is the focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental bronchus. Lung agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly where
This document provides information on nursing management of respiratory disorders in adults and elderly patients. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and assessment of respiratory issues. It then covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of various respiratory conditions including upper and lower respiratory tract infections, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and others. It also mentions respiratory therapies, procedures, drugs and nursing assessments and interventions for respiratory disorders.
The respiratory system supplies oxygen to tissues and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli. The nose warms and filters air before it reaches the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli between air and blood. Oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The respiratory system regulates gas exchange and protects the lungs.
Respiratory system B pharmacy 2nd semester ZaibaFathima8
It has everything you need to know in the second semester of Bachelor of Pharmacy ass per the PCI syllabus.
I prepared this PowerPoint presentation to teach my beloved juniors to hope you can understand. If you want a more detailed PPT leave it in the comments.
Similar to UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS_015624.pptx (20)
This document discusses epidemiology and definitions related to HIV/AIDS in India. It provides key statistics on HIV prevalence in India in 2015, defining HIV as a human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS as acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It then summarizes the pathophysiology of HIV infection, describing how HIV destroys CD4 T-cells, remains latent in the body for many years, and is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, semen, breast milk and genital secretions. Finally, it outlines the stages of HIV infection from primary infection to advanced AIDS.
Pleural effusion occurs when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. There are two main types - transudative effusions which occur without inflammation from conditions like heart failure, and exudative effusions which occur with inflammation from things like infection or cancer. The fluid is evaluated through tests on a sample obtained by thoracentesis to determine the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on addressing the cause, relieving symptoms by draining fluid, and preventing reaccumulation through procedures like pleurodesis. Nursing care involves monitoring for breathing difficulties, providing oxygen, assisting with drainage procedures, and managing pain.
Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space that separates the lung from the chest wall, which can interfere with breathing and cause lung collapse. There are three main types: spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without underlying lung disease and is usually caused by a ruptured bleb, while traumatic pneumothorax results from chest wall damage or nonpenetrating trauma. Tension pneumothorax is life-threatening due to increased intrapleural pressure that can compress the lungs and blood vessels. Risk factors include smoking, age, lung disease, and mechanical ventilation. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and CT
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation, obstruction due to muscle spasm, and mucosal edema caused by hypersensitivity to irritants. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors like allergens, infections, climate, diet, pollutants, and drugs. Symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis is based on patient history and examination. Treatment involves quick relievers for acute attacks and preventers like steroids to control inflammation and prevent further attacks. Nursing management focuses on education, environmental control, evaluation, emotional support, and regular follow-up.
1) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs whereby the alveolar capillary membrane becomes damaged and permeable, resulting in pulmonary edema.
2) ARDS is characterized by hypoxemia, reduced lung compliance, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates seen on chest imaging.
3) Treatment involves supportive care in an intensive care unit including mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, and positioning therapies like prone positioning to improve oxygenation.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation, obstruction due to muscle spasm, and mucosal edema caused by hypersensitivity to irritants. It is caused by both genetic and environmental factors like allergens, infections, climate, diet, pollutants, and drugs. Symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis is based on patient history and examination. Treatment involves quick relievers for acute attacks and preventers like steroids to control inflammation and prevent further attacks. Nursing management focuses on education, environmental control, evaluation, emotional support, and regular follow-up.
Lung abscess is a pus-filled cavity formed by the necrosis of lung tissue, usually caused by aspiration or infection by bacteria or fungi. Common symptoms include cough, sputum, fever, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and chest X-rays along with sputum and blood cultures. Treatment primarily consists of prolonged antibiotic therapy for 2-4 months, with drainage or surgery occasionally needed for large abscesses. Complications can include chronic abscesses, empyema, bleeding, or broncho-pleural fistulas if not properly treated.
The document discusses spinal cord injuries, including:
- Causes such as trauma, loss of blood supply, or compression from tumors or infections.
- Classification based on level and degree of injury, including complete vs incomplete injuries.
- Clinical manifestations involving respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, gastrointestinal and temperature regulation systems.
- Diagnostic evaluations including imaging tests.
- Management focusing on stabilization, drug therapy, managing complications, bladder and bowel care, and prevention of issues like pressure sores.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases including chronic bronchitis and emphysema that are characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The main causes of COPD are tobacco smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and air pollution. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests, and chest imaging. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications to relieve symptoms and prevent exacerbations, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing complications.
1) Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, causing muscle weakness and possible paralysis.
2) There are several subtypes depending on whether it attacks the myelin sheath or axons. The most common subtype attacks the myelin sheath.
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2. RELATED ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
• The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx
(voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi and lungs.
• Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts:
1. The upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx and
associated structures.
2. The lower respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi and lungs
• The lower respiratory tract fills most of the Thoracic Cavity
3.
4. CONT..
• Respiratory system functions mainly as gas exchange system for O2
and CO2 cellular respiration (energy production)
• It closely tied to circulatory system
• Functionally the organ of the respiratory system can also be
subdivided into:
1. Conducting division: passages that serve only for airflow
2. Respiratory division: alveoli and gas exchange areas
5.
6. CONT..
1. The conducting zone consists of a series of interconnecting cavities
and tubes both outside and within the lungs.
• These include the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles.
• Their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into
the lungs
7. CONT..
2. The respiratory zone consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs
where gas exchange occurs.
• These include the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli. (Gas
exchange occur in these zone)
8.
9. Respiratory mucosa
• It covers most of the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles
• It contains mucus producing goblet
cells and ciliated epithelium.
• Mucus can trap contaminants.
• Cilia move them up towards mouth
10.
11. NOSE
• It provides an entrance for air in which air is filtered by hairs inside
the nostrils.
• It has two portions : the external and internal.
• The external portion is supported by a framework of bone and
cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane.
• The internal portion is a large cavity beneath the skull, merging with
the external nose anteriorly and communicating with the throat
posteriorly.
12.
13. CONT..
• The anterior portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils, called
the nasal vestibule is surrounded by cartilage.
• The superior part of the nasal cavity is surrounded by bone.
• A vertical partition, the nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right
and left sides.
• The anterior portion of the nasal septum consists primarily of hyaline
cartilage.
14.
15. PARANASAL SINUSES
• Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the paranasal
sinuses - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary.
• Add resonance to voice.
• Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts.
• Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
16.
17. PHARYNX (THROAT)
• The pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm
or 5” long that starts at the internal nares and
extends to the junction with esophagus and trachea
• It is a common passage for air and food.
• divided into three regions:
a. Nasopharynx: includes uvula, tonsils (adenoids),
auditory tube
b. Oropharynx: extended from soft palate to level of
hyoid bone
c. Laryngopharynx: from hyoid bone to
esophagus/larynx
18.
19. LARYNX
• Larynx or Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway ends in the trachea.
It is about 5 cm long.
• Opening into larynx = glottis
• Boundaries:
– Superiorly it attaches to hyoid bone and opens into laryngopharynx
– Inferiorly trachea.
– Posteriorly esophagus
• Functions:
- Prevent food from entering lower respiratory system
- Sound, speech, etc.
20.
21. TRACHEA
• Flexible cylindrical tube, Size is 4 – 5 inch long
& 1 inch diameter, also called windpipe.
• Extends from larynx to bronchi
• Surrounded by “C” – shaped bands of cartilage,
ends joined by bands of muscle tissue
• Cartilage provide rigidity to the tracheal wall,
holds walls open, prevents collapse.
22. BRONCHI
• Trachea divides into two branches called bronchi.
• Each bronchus enters lung and continues to divide
into smaller and smaller branches = bronchi, then
= bronchioles
• 2 primary bronchi branches into 5 secondary
bronchi (1 for each lobe of lung)
• Each of these branches into tertiary bronchi
• Bronchioles
- smallest branches of “respiratory tree”
- <1mm diameter
- no supportive cartilage
23. LUNGS
• Lung occupies most of the space within the thoracic cavity.
• Toward the midline, the lungs are separated from each other by the
mediastinum and this is called the mediastinal surface.
• The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall
is called the costal surface of the lung.
• The superior end of the lungs narrows to a rounded tip known as the
apex.
• The inferior end of the lungs, known as the base.
• Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 lobes
24.
25. Pleura and Pleural Cavity
• The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall
are lined by two layered serous membrane called pleura.
• The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral
pleura.
• while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral surfaces of the
mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm are lined by
the parietal pleura.
• The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural
cavity.
• The fluid inside the pleural cavity pleural fluid which acts as a
lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during breathing.
26.
27.
28. ALVEOLI
• Smallest bronchioles (respiratory bronchioles) have clusters (grapelike
clusters) of tiny sacs branching off = alveoli
• 300-500 Million alveoli/lung
• Enveloped by capillaries
• These are functional unit of respiratory system
• Actual site of gas exchange with blood
31. • Infections of airway above glottis or vocal cords. It includes –
– Rhinitis
– Sinusitis
– Tonsillitis
– Pharyngitis
– Laryngitis
– Otitis media
URTIs
32. Rhinitis
• Rhinitis is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of
the nose, characterized by a runny nose and stuffiness and usually
caused by the common cold or a seasonal allergy.
• Symptoms of rhinitis include a runny nose, sneezing, and stuffiness.
• Rhinitis is classified as allergic or nonallergic. The cause of
nonallergic rhinitis is usually a viral infection, although irritants can
cause it.
33.
34. Cont..
• Rhinitis may be acute or chronic. Acute rhinitis commonly results
from viral infections but may also be a result of allergies, bacteria, or
other causes. Chronic rhinitis usually occurs with chronic sinusitis
(chronic rhinosinusitis).
• Typically, the diagnosis is based on the symptoms.
• The various forms of rhinitis are treated in various ways, such as with
antibiotics, antihistamines, surgery, desensitization injections
(sometimes called allergy shots), and avoidance of irritants.
35. Sinusitis
• Sinusitis is an inflammation, or swelling, of the tissue lining the sinuses.
• Sinuses are structures inside face that are normally filled with air.
Bacterial infections, viral infections and allergies can irritate them,
causing them to get blocked and filled with fluid.
• This can cause pressure and pain in face, nasal congestion (a stuffy
nose) and other symptoms.
36.
37. Cont..
• Types of sinusitis
• According to duration: acute, subacute, chronic
• According to cause: bacterial, viral or fungal.
• Acute sinusitis symptoms last less than 4 weeks. It’s usually caused by
viruses like the common cold.
• Subacute sinusitis symptoms last 4 to 12 weeks.
• Chronic sinusitis symptoms last at least 12 weeks. Bacteria are usually
the cause.
38. Cont..
• Viruses, like the ones that cause the common cold (Rhinovirus,
Influenza virus, Para influenza virus), cause most cases of sinusitis.
• Bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophiles influenzae) can
cause sinusitis, or they can infect after a case of viral sinusitis.
• Sinus infections caused by fungus are usually more serious than other
forms of sinusitis. They’re more likely to happen in weakened immune
system.
39. Cont..
• There are many treatment options for sinusitis, depending on the
symptoms and underlying causes. It includes –
• Intranasal steroid sprays.
• Antibiotics
• Topical antihistamine sprays or oral pills.
• Leukotriene antagonists, like montelukast.
• Surgery to treat structural issues, polyps or fungal infections.
40. Tonsillitis
• Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of
tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side.
• Tonsillitis is most often caused by common viruses, but bacterial
infections also can be the cause. The most common bacterium causing
tonsillitis is Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus)
• Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat,
difficulty swallowing, fever and tender lymph nodes on the sides of
the neck.
41.
42. Cont..
• Management
• The patient is advised to bed rest and consume high amounts of
fluids
• Analgesics such as paracetamol are given to relieve the pain
• Antibiotic therapy
• Tonsillectomy: usually performed only when tonsillitis occurs
frequently, doesn't respond to other treatments or causes serious
complications.
43. Pharyngitis
• The inflammation of pharynx is known as pharyngitis.
Etiology: Viruses are the commonest cause of pharyngitis although
bacteria and sometimes even fungi inflame the pharynx.
Clinical Features
1. Mild inflammation: low-grade fever, malaise and some discomfort in
the throat
2. Moderate to severe infections: headache, dysphagia, odynophagia,
malaise and high fever.
3. In very severe cases there can be edema of the soft palate and cervical
lymph node enlargement.
44.
45. Cont..
Diagnosis
• The culture of throat swabs is helpful in identifying the bacterial
causative agents of pharyngitis.
Management
• Bed rest, increased fluid intake, gargling the throat with salt water and
analgesics are the main components in the management of pharyngitis.
• When the symptoms do not disappear spontaneously antibiotics such as
penicillin can be given. If the patient is allergic to penicillin,
erythromycin can be prescribed.
46. Laryngitis
• Laryngitis is an inflammation of voice box (larynx) from overuse,
irritation or infection.
Etiology
• Having a respiratory infection, such as a cold, bronchitis or sinusitis
• Exposure to irritating substances, such as cigarette smoke, excessive
alcohol intake, workplace chemicals
• Overusing your voice, by speaking too much, speaking too loudly,
shouting or singing
Symptoms: Hoarseness, Weak voice or voice loss, Tickling sensation,
Sore throat, Dry throat, Dry cough
47.
48. Cont..
Types:
• Acute laryngitis: Most cases of laryngitis are temporary and improve
after the underlying cause gets better.
• Chronic laryngitis: Laryngitis that lasts longer than three weeks.
Diagnosis:
• Throat swab culture
• Laryngoscopy
• Biopsy
49. Cont..
Management
• Corticosteroids
• Antibiotics
• Pain medications: acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
• Voice therapy.
Prevention
• Avoid smoking and stay away from secondhand smoke
• Limit alcohol and caffeine
• Drink plenty of water
• Keep spicy foods out of your diet.
• Include a variety of healthy foods in your diet
• Avoid clearing your throat.
• Avoid upper respiratory infections
50. Otitis media
• Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.
Types
1. Acute otitis media (AOM): an infection of rapid onset that usually
presents with ear pain. Most commonly found in young children.
2. Otitis media with effusion (OME): typically not associated with
symptoms, although occasionally a feeling of fullness is described. it
is defined as the presence of non-infectious fluid in the middle ear
which may persist for weeks or months often after an episode of acute
otitis media.
3. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): it is middle ear
inflammation that results in a perforated tympanic membrane with
discharge from the ear for more than six weeks.
51.
52. Cont..
Etiology
• Either bacteria or viruses may be involved.
• Risk factors include exposure to smoke, use of pacifiers, and
attending daycare, having cleft lip and palate or Down syndrome.
Clinical manifestation
• Ear pain, fever, hearing loss, tenderness on touch of the skin above
the ear, purulent discharge from the ears, irritability, ear blocking
sensation.
Diagnosis
• Audiometry
• Tympanogram
• Temporal bone CT and MRI