Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that serve as delivery vectors in genetic engineering, allowing for the introduction of foreign genes into host cells. They can be categorized into various cloning vectors and types, including conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids, each serving distinct functions in research and biotechnology. Despite challenges in protein purification and quantity prior to genetic engineering, plasmids enable the mass production of proteins, facilitating advancements in fields such as regenerative medicine and drug testing.

2. Contents:
 Introduced
 DNA vectors
 Cloning vectors
 Types of Plasmid
 Positive side
 Recombination DNA
 Modern use of Plasmid
 Problems
 Solution

3. Joshua Lederberg:
American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in
1952.
He won the 1958 Nobel Prize.
1925-2008

4. What is Plasmid ?
 Plasmids are circular DNA
molecules that are maintained as
an epitome or extra chromosomal
DNA molecules , inside a cell.

5. Plasmids Are DNA Delivery Vectors:
 Scientists can force bacteria to keep them
 They are copied independently
 They are circular

6. Types of Cloning Vectors:
 Plasmid
 Bacteriophage
 Cosmic
 Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
 Yeast Artificial Chromosome
 Human Artificial Chromosome

7. Types of Plasmids:
 General Types
 Conjugative and Non-Conjugative
 Incompatibility
 Specific Types
 Fertility F-plasmids
 Resistance plasmids
 Virulence plasmids,
 Degradative plasmids and
 Col plasmids.

8. The Positive Side:
 Although plasmids can carry genes that
make antibiotics ineffective, we can use
them for research in a positive way.
 This is when we use what is called
recombinant DNA.

9. Recombinant DNA:
 Recombinant DNA is a plasmid that has had
foreign genes added to it.
 Recombinant DNA can be used to create
massive amounts of proteins for research, and
has also been used to add genes to
organisms or cells.

11. Modern Use Of Plasmids:
 Cardio myocytes – heart muscle cells that allow your
heart to beat.
 Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions have
created these cells with plasmids.
 Cardio myocytes can be used in transplants and for
testing heart drugs, which is much needed in today’s
popsci.com world.

12. Problems:
 Proteins are often being studied by researchers.
 However, before genetic engineering, they were
produced in insufficient quantities and researchers had
to dig through tons of biomass to get a usable quantity.
 Even with proteins in such small amounts, the purity of
the proteins was still very poor.

13. Solution With Plasmid:
 To get mass quantities of a protein, a scientist can do the
following
 Get the gene for a protein from an animal that produces
it naturally.
 Use restriction enzymes to cut the plasmid and splice the
gene into place.
 Insert the plasmid into an E.coli bacteria and let it
multiply.