Plant propagation refers to the process of creating new plants through various methods such as seeds, cuttings, bulbs, and other plant parts. There are two main types of propagation - sexual propagation using seeds which involves both male and female gametes, and asexual vegetative propagation using plant parts like cuttings, bulbs, and stolons. Plants disperse their seeds in different ways including wind, water, animal, explosion, and fire dispersal to transport seeds away from the parent plant. Common vegetative propagation techniques include division, layering, grafting, micropropagation, and using stolons, bulbs, and cuttings. A variety of tools and growing structures help facilitate plant propagation.

2. Process of creating new plants from a variety of
sources: seeds, cuttings, bulbs and other plant parts. Plant
propagation can also refer to the artificial or natural
dispersal of plants.

4. Use of seed or spore that is separated from the parent plant. This
method is so termed "sexual" because there is the involvement
of the sexes, referring to the contribution of both the male and
female gametes in the production of new plants.

5. Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away
from the parent plant. Plants have very limited mobility and
consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to
transport their propagules.

6. Wind dispersal
Seeds from plants like dandelions, swan plants and
cottonwood trees are light and have feathery bristles
and can be carried long distances by the wind.
Water dispersal
Many plants have seeds that use
water as a means of dispersal. The
seeds float away from the parent
plant.

7. Animal dispersal
Over 70% of plants in our woody forests have
fleshy fruit that is eaten by birds. Birds often
fly far away from the parent plant and disperse
the seeds in their droppings. Some seeds have
hooks, barbs or sticky seeds that catch onto an
animal’s fur, feathers or skin.
Explosions
This method of seed dispersal isn’t quite as
exciting as it may sound. Some plants, like
peas, gorse and flax, have seedpods that dry
out once the seeds are ripe. When dry, the
pods split open and the seeds scatter

8. Fire
Plants cannot run away from a fire so
some plants have developed a way to
help their seeds survive. There are
some species of pine tree that require
the heat from a fire before their cones
will open and release seeds

9. Also called vegetative propagation, is with the use of
planting materials which are vegetative parts of any plant
rather than seeds or spores which are reproductive parts. In
most techniques, the propagate is separated first from the
parent plant and treated to induce regeneration or otherwise
directly planted.

10. Air or ground layering
Division
Grafting and bud grafting, widely used in fruit tree
propagation
Micropropagation
Stolons or runners
Storage organs such
as bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes
Striking or cuttings
Twin-scaling
Offsets

11. Air or ground layering:
Layering is a means of plant propagation in which
a portion of an aerial stem grows roots while still
attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an
independent plant.
Division:
Plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is broken up
into two or more parts. Both the root and crown of
each part is kept intact.

12. Grafting and bud grafting:
Whereby tissues from one plant are
inserted into those of another so that the
two sets of vascular tissues may join
together.
Micropropagation:
Practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to
produce a large number of progeny plants, using
modern plant tissue culture methods. Is used to
multiply plants genetically modified or bred through
conventional plant breeding methods

13. Stolons or runners
Horizontal connections between organisms. They
may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton;
typically, animal stolons are external skeletons.
Storage Organ:
Part of a plant specifically modified for storage
of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates)
or water. Storage organs often grow underground.

14. Striking or cuttings:
A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is
placed in a suitable medium such as
moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The
cutting produces new roots, stems and becomes a
new plant independent of the parent.
Twin-scaling
Increase bulbs that would naturally propagate very
slowly, or to speed up the production of
desirable cultivars. Using twin-scaling it is
possible to multiply one bulb into 16 to 32 (or
more) viable bulbs.

15. Offsets
Virtually complete daughter plant that has been
naturally and asexually produced on the mother
plant. They are clones, meaning that they are
genetically identical to the mother plant.
A heated propagator is
a horticultural device to maintain a
warm and damp environment
for seeds and cuttings to grow in.

16. An electric seed-propagation mat is a
heated rubber mat covered by a metal cage
which is used in gardening.

17. Others way used to propagate a plant
or introducing plants to the soil:
•Transplanting
•Direct seeding

19. A transplanter is an agricultural machine used for
transplanting seedlings to the field.
Grow bags also called Smart Pots. Grow Bags
allow for portable container gardening. Porous
fabric allows heat to dissipate and excess water
to evaporate as well as air-prunes the roots
A seed drill is a sowing device that precisely
positions seeds in the soil and then covers them.
Before the introduction of the seed drill, the common
practice was to plant seeds by hand.

20. Seed trays are used for propagating vegetables and
flowers and other plants from seed. They are also used
for taking plant cuttings. Used in horticulture for
sowing and taking plant cuttings and growing plugs
A seedbed or seedling bed is the local soil
environment in which seeds are plants. Seeds
grow in a controlled environment into larger
young plants before transplanting them into a
garden or field. A seedling bed is used to
increase the number of seeds that germinate.
Nurseries are areas where plants are
grown for transplanting, for use as stocks
for budding and grafting, or for sale.
Plants can grow in tins, in the soil or in
pots

21. Pruning shears, also called hand pruners (in
American English), or secateurs, are a type
of scissors for use on plants.
Ahedge trimmer, shrub trimmer, or bush
trimmer, is a gardening tool or machine used
for trimming (cutting, pruning)hedges or
solitary shrubs (bushes).
Grafting scissors are required to cut
the parts we will be grafted as
branches, twigs or stems.

22. Grafting tape made of vinyl is used to
protect and hold grafts until the organic
binding occurs and the wounds heal
Grafting knife is similar and has the same
design of a knife. Ideal for all cuts and
incisions necessary to perform the graft, for
example, on a log or cutting.

23. Sealing vegetable paste is always applied
on wounds to prevent graft infections in the
plant and thus hinder growth and the union
of the two parts.
Whetstone You should always have on
hand to sharpen some of the above tools
should be kept in perfect working order
so that the graft is completed correctly
and easily.