1. The document defines several key biological and agricultural terms, including abiotic factors, angiosperms, annuals, asexual reproduction, autotrophy, broadcast seeding, tillage, chlorophyll, cloning, and compost. 2. Reproduction methods like cutting, seeds, bulbs and corms are discussed. Agricultural practices like plowing, fertilization, and different types of crops are also explained. 3. The summary provides essential definitions and information about important biological concepts and agricultural practices covered in the document.

1. Abiotic In biology and ecology, abiotic components or abiotic factors arenon-livingchemical and physical parts of the
environment that affect livingorganisms and thefunctioningof ecosystems. Ex sunlight,wind,water rain and
soil
Angiosperm The term "angiosperm"derives from two Greek words: angeion, meaning "vessel," and sperma, meaning "seed."
The angiosperms arethose plants whose seeds develop within a surroundinglayer of planttissue,called the
carpel,with seeds attached around the margins.
Annuals plants that completes its lifecycle,from germination to the production of seed, within one year, and then dies
Asexual
reproduction
s a type of reproduction by which offspringarisefroma singleorganism,and inheritthe genes of that parent
only. Advantage: propagation in shorter period of time
Autotrophy organismcapableof synthesizingits own food from inorganic substances,usinglightor chemical energy.
from the Greek autos "self" and trophe "nourishing")
Broadcast is one of the oldest and most common methods of seed sowing, where the seeds are justspread on the soil;
the seeds may or may not be covered with soi.This method is cheap
Tillage The act of tillinga land.Its purposeis to mix orgaic matter to soil,controls weeds,break up crusted soil or
loosen up soil
Chlorophyll a green pigment, present in all green plants responsiblefor the absorption of lightto provideenergy for
photosynthesis.
Cloning The process of creatingan exact copy of a biologicalunit;asexual reproducttion
Complete flower A flower havingall four floral parts:sepals,petals,stamens,and carpels.Exx Gumamela
Compost decayed organic material used as a plantfertilizer. Compost is usually madeby gathering plantmaterial,such as
leaves,grass clippings,and vegetable peels, into a pileor bin and letting it decompose as a resultof the action of
aerobic bacteria,fungi,and other organisms
Cuttings is a piece or a part of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual)propagation
Climate the weather conditions prevailingin an area in general or over a longperiod.
Dicot shortfor dicotyledon. An angiospermthat is nota monocotyledon, having two cotyledons in theseed.
Diffsion Diffusion happens in livingsystems,for example, itexplains the movement of carbon dioxidein leaves.Osmosis is
the movement of water from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a partially
permeable membrane. Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis through their root hair cells.
Diseasefree seed certified seeds that are free from significantdiseases,includingviruses
Dusting Or Aerial application, the sprayingof powdered fungicides or insecticides on crops,usually froman airplane
Dwarfing a process in which a breed or cultivar of plants is changed to become significantly smaller than standard members
of their species.This can be done by selectivebreeding, genetic engineering or grafting.
Embryo s part of a seed, consistingof precursor tissues for the leaves,stem (see hypocotyl), and root (see radicle),as well
as one or more cotyledons. Once the embryo begins to germinate — grow out from the seed — itis called a
seedling(plantlet).
Enzymes 1. Natural proteins produced in tiny quantities by all livingorganisms (bacteria, plants,and animals) and functioning
as highly selectivebiochemical catalysts in convertingonemolecule into another.
Erosion erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces or through forces
associated with farmingactivities such as tillage.
Fallow plowed and harrowed but left unsown for a period in order to restore its fertility as partof a crop rotation or
to avoid surplusproduction.pagpapahinga
Fertigation is the injection of fertilizers,soil amendments, and other water-solubleproducts into an irrigation system
Fertilization is the process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen
tube by the pollen grain ,which develops into an embryo
Fertilizers is any materialof natural or synthetic origin thatis applied to soils or to planttissues to supply one or more
plantnutrients essential to the growth of plants.
Foliar Relatingto leaves, Foliar feedingis a technique of feeding plants by applyingliquid fertilizer directly to their
leaves.
Fungicide Are pesticides thatkills or control and prevent the growth of fungi
Germinate Is the time where the seeds begin to grow or develop/
Green manuring Is the process where agreen manure is created by leavinguprooted or sown crop parts to wither on a field so
that they serve as a mulch and soil amendment
Evaporativecooling is the process by which the temperature of a substanceis reduced due to the coolingeffect from the
evaporation of water. amount of coolingthatcan be achieved from evaporativecoolingsystems is
dependent on how much water can be evaporate
Growth defined as a gradual development in maturity, age, size, weight or height. irreversibleincreasein the dry
mass of an organism

2. Herbicide a substancethat is toxic to plants and is used to destroy unwanted plant.also commonly known as weedkiller
Humidity Halumigmig a quantity representing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere or a gas
Hybrid the offspringof two plants of different species or varieties,such as a mule (a hybrid of a donkey and a horse).
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrientsolutions,in water, without soil
Inorganic not havingthe structure or characteristicsof livingorganisms. is growing agricultureby usingsynthetic
products such as pesticides and chemicals
Internode a part or spacebetween two nodes, knots, or joints,as the portion of a plantstem between two nodes.
Leeching leaching refers to the loss of water-solubleplantnutrients from the soil,due to rain and irrigation.Soil
structure, crop planting,type and application rates of fertilizers,and other factors aretaken into accountto
avoid excessivenutrient loss.
Lodging is the collapseor bendingof the stem when itcan no longer supportits own weight
Media Often also referred to as “substrate” or “potting soil”,a growingmedium is a material,other than soil on the
spot, in which plants aregrown.
Monocot Any of a class of angiospermplants havinga singlecotyledon in the seed. Monocotyledons have leaves with
parallel veins,flower parts in multiples of three, and fibrous rootsystems. Their primary vascular bundles are
scattered throughout the stem, not arranged in a ringas in eudicotyledons.
Mulch s a layer of material applied to the surfaceof an area of soil.Its purposeis any or all of the following:to
conserve moisture. to improve the fertility and health of the soil.to reduce weed growth.
Olericulture Olericultureis thescienceof vegetable growing, dealingwith the culture of non-woody (herbaceous) plants
for food. Olericultureis theproduction of plants for useof the edibleparts.Vegetable crops
Organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unitto serve a common function. A planthas two organ
systems: 1) the shoot system, and 2) the root system
Organic matter Combiningcompost, plantor animal materials/waste,or green manure with soil will increasethe amount of
humus in the soil
Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosingnot to usepesticides,
fertilizers,genetically modified organisms,antibioticsand growth hormones.
Perennial havinga lifecyclethat is more than two years long
Pesticide a substanceused for destroyinginsects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
Plowing an agricultural implementused for cutting, lifting,turningover, and partly pulverizingsoil
Ratoon a new shootor sproutspringingfrom the baseof a crop plant,especially sugarcane,after cropping
Pruning s removing selectiveparts of a tree to ensure healthier growth. to ensure that all essential nutrients are
reachingevery partof the structure. To trim parts of a tree that has been affected by fungi or is dead or
decayed
Residual fertility the level of availableplantnutrients which a soil can providewithoutadditional fertilizers
Rogue An organism,especially a plant,thatshows an undesirablevariation froma standard.
Rotation a method of farmingwhere a number of different plants aregrown one after the other on a field so that the
soil stays healthy and fertile
Scarification in botany involves weakening, opening, or otherwise alteringthe coat of a seed to encourage germination.
Seedbed seedlingbed is the local soil environmentin which seeds are planted. Often itcomprises not only the soil but
also a specially prepared cold frame, hotbed or raised bed used to grow the seedlings in a controlled
environment into larger young plants before transplantingthem into a garden or field.1;1;1
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male parts of a flower to the female parts of a flower of the same species,
which results in fertilization of plant ovaries and the production of seeds.
Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two distincttypes of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse
together, involvinga female's largeovum(or egg) and a male's smaller sperm
Sidedress An application of fertilizer between the rows of growing crops
Tillage Loosen soil massto facilitategood oot development, incorporates OMand fertilizers to the soil,killsweed
and pest, facilitates good water movement
Venation the arrangement of veins in a leaf ex rotate, parallel,palmate
Weed a wild plantgrowing where it is not wanted and in competition with cultivated plants.
Grass,sedge and broad leaves
Yield (also known as "agricultural output"the full amountof an agricultural or industrial product
Trellis a framework of lightwooden or metal bars,chiefly used as a support for fruittrees or climbingplants.
Windbreak or shelterbelt is a plantation usually madeup of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a
manner as to provideshelter from the wind and to protect soil fromerosion
Harrowing is an implement for breakingup and smoothing out the surfaceof the soil

3. Day neutral devel opi ng and maturing regardless of relative l ength of alternating exposures to light and dark
peri ods, corn , tomatocucumber
Drupe A fruitonsistingof an outer skin,a usually pulpy and succulentmiddlelayer,and a hard and woody inner
shell usually enclosinga singleseed.Peach, cherry plum
Ethylene A planthormone Synthesized by most tissues in responseto stress.In particular itis synthesized in tissues
undergoing senescence or ripening
Precipitation is any kind of water that falls fromthe sky as partof the weather. This includes snow,rain
Photosynthesis is the manufacture of sugars and its precursors by green plants in the presence of lightand chl orophyll
Soil texture Refers to relativeproportion of 3 soil separate:sand siltclay ;size
Soil structure Is defined by the way individual particles of sand,silt,clay areassembled;shape
Weather The daily conditionsof the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure,wind, and moisture
Seasons a period associated with some phaseor activity of agriculture
a period of the year characterized by or associated with a particular activity or phenomenon
Global warming a gradual increasein the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the
greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide,chlorofluorocarbons,and other pollutants.
Acid rain rainfall madesufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution thatitcauses environmental harm, typically to
forests and lakes.The main causeis the industrial burningof coal and other fossil fuels,the waste gases from
which contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides,which combine with atmospheric water to form acids.
El nino is an abnormal weather pattern that is caused by the warmingof the PacificOcean near the equator,
La nina a coolingof the water in the equatorial Pacificthatoccurs atirregular intervals and isassociated with
widespread changes in weather patterns complementary to those of El Niño, but less extensiveand
damagingin their effects
Water logging occurs whenever the soil isso wet that there is insufficientoxygen in the pore spacefor plantroots to be
ableto adequately respire
Locationg A placethat are used to identify a cetain point or an area
Size Measurement of how big or small somethingis
Intermittent
irrigation
A method of applyingirrigation water by which the field is alternately watered and drained.The soi l surface
is allowed to dry prior to the next application of water.
Off baring is plowingor cultivatingin a way that the soil is drawn away from the plants,usually in between the furrows
for the purposeof killingtheweeds.
Hillingup pilingsoil up around the baseof a plant.It can be done by hand (usually usinga hoe)
Cover cropping a plantingcrops that is used primarily to slowerosion,improve soil health,enhance water availability,
smother weeds, help control pests and diseases,increasebiodiversity and bringa host of other benefits to
your farm.
Photo tropism the orientation of a plantor other organismin responseto light, either toward the sourceof light
Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night
Evapotranspiration the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and
other surfaces and by transpiration fromplants.
Hardening is the process of moving plants outdoors for a portion of the day to gradually introducethem to the direct
sunlight,dry air,and cold nights.
Vernalization the artificial exposureof plants (or seeds) to low temperatures in order to stimulatefloweringor to
enhance seedproduction.
Senescence can be defined as a developmentally regulated, highly controlled process thatleads ultimately to the death
of the plantor planttissue
Endogenous Substance that is produced or synthesized by a plant. Ex hormones
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organismproduces one or more biochemicals thatinfluencethe
germination, growth, survival,and reproduction of other organisms.
Urban agriculture Urban agriculturecan bedefined as growingfruits,herbs, and vegetables and raisinganimals in cities,
An urban area is a location characterized by high human population density and many
builtenvironment features in comparison to the areas surroundingit
Ultraviolet
degradation
any materials thatis exposed to sunlightthatis attacked by ultravioletradiation
Thinning To remove some of the plants in a crop so that itis less crowded and those remaininghave room to develop
retting The exposure of harvested flax to moisture so that itis partially rotand fiber aremore easily separated from
the rest of the stem