Tool steels are specialized alloy steels designed for tooling applications that require high strength and hardness. There are several types of tool steel including shock-resisting, cold-worked, hot-worked, high-speed, and water-hardened steels, each suited for different applications like cutting, forming, or stamping. Cast irons like grey, white, ductile, and malleable iron are also discussed, outlining their compositions and common uses.

1. TOOL STEELS

2. • TOOL STEELS are high quality steels made to
controlled chemical composition and
processed to develop properties useful for
working and shaping of other materials.
• These are used in applications such as
Blanking, die forging, forming, extrusion and
plastic molding etc..

3. TYPES
• SHOCK-RESISTING TOOL STEELS
• COLD-WORKED TOOL STEELS
• HOT-WORKED TOOL STEELS
• HIGH-SPEED TOOL STEELS
• WATER-HARDENED TOOL STEELS

4. SHOCK-RESISTING TOOL STEELS
• These are characterized by good toughness,
hardness and improved hardenability. These
steels are generally, water or oil- hardened.
• “Low temperature Tempering” is carried out
where, toughness and hardness of the tool
steel are of prime importance, otherwise
“High temperature Tempering” is preferred.

5. APPLICATIONS:
– Punches
– Shear blades
– Scarring Tools
– River sets
– Driver bits.

6. HOT-WORKED TOOL STEELS
• These are characterized by high hot yield
strength, high red hardness , wear resistance,
toughness, erosion resistance, resistance to
softening at elevated temperatures, good
thermal conductivity

8. COLD-WORKED TOOL STEELS
• These steels are used for making tools for cold
work applications, when the tool surface
temperature does not rise more than 200°c.
• These are characterized by high abrasion &
wear resistance, higher toughness and high
impact resistance.

10. HIGH SPEED TOOL STEELS
• These are high alloyed tool steels developed
initially to do high speed metal cutting. Now, they
used in a wide variety of machining operations.
• They contain 0.6 % carbon, 4% Chromium, 5-12%
Cobalt.
• Applications :
• End mills, drills, lathe tools, planar tools.
• Punches, reamers,
• Routers, taps, saws.
• Broaches, chasers, and hobs.

12. WATER-HARDENED TOOL STEELS
• These steels contain carbon in the range of
0.9-1.0% along with Cr, V, Mo.
• These are characterized by high tensile
strength & hardness levels but low ductility &
toughness values.
• Tempering temperatures are in the range 170-
220°C.

13. Applications :
• Heavy forging hammers, hand hammers.
• Forging dies, bending dies, cutting dies.
• Large blanking tools, boring tools.
• Chisels, scissors, knife blades.
• Milling cutters, lathe centre.
• Watch maker’s tools.
• Engraving tools.

14. CAST IRON

15. • Cast Iron is generally defined as an alloy of Iron
with 2 to 4.5% Carbon, and usually with more
than 0.1% Silicon
• The three main ingredients are
– Iron
– Carbon
– Silicone
• Cast iron containing more of these materials than
steel.

16. Types of Cast Iron
• Grey cast iron - carbon as graphite
• White cast iron – carbides
• Ductile cast iron
• Malleable cast iron

17. Grey Cast Iron
• Graphite flakes surrounded by a matrix of
either Pearlite or a-Ferrite
• Graphite flakes surrounded by a matrix of either
Pearlite or a-Ferrite
• Wide range of applications
• Low ductility
• Grey cast iron forms when
– Cooling is slow, as in heavy sections

18. Grey Cast Iron

19. Applications
• Engines
• Pressure pipe fittings
• Machinery beds
• Furnace parts

20. White Cast Iron
• No graphite, because carbon forms Fe3C or
more complex carbides
• Large amount of carbide phases in the form of
flakes, surrounded by a matrix of Pearlite
• The absence of graphite causes white iron's
light-colored appearance

21. White Cast Iron

22. Applications
• Stairs
• Decorative features
• Tools and utensils

23. Ductile Iron
• Inoculation with Mg causes graphite to form
as spherulites, rather than flakes
• Also known as spheroidal graphite (SG).
• Far better ductility than grey cast iron

24. Ductile Iron

25. Applications
• Automotive industry 55% of ductile iron used
– Crankshafts
– front wheel spindle supports
– steering ; disc brake callipers
• Pipe and pipe fittings (joined by welding)

26. Malleable Iron
• Graphite in nodular form
• Produced by heat treatment of white cast iron
• Graphite nodules are irregular clusters
• Similar properties to ductile iron

27. Malleable Iron

28. Applications
• Similar applications to ductile iron
• Malleable iron is better for thinner castings
• Vehicle components
• Railway components
• Pipe fittings