Plants are many-celled organisms that use photosynthesis to produce food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. They contain chlorophyll and have adapted to nearly every environment on Earth. Plant cells contain organelles like the nucleus and chloroplasts, as well as a cell wall and central vacuole. Plants are categorized as vascular or nonvascular, with vascular plants having transport structures like xylem and phloem to move water and nutrients. Nonvascular plants like mosses anchor via rhizoids instead of roots. Flowers contain reproductive parts like petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils that produce pollen and ovules.

1. PLANTS
Name all the plants you can think of…
What do these all have in common?
Chapter 9

2. • Plants are many-celled organisms
- most plants contain chlorophyll
- at least 260,000 plant species have been identified
- plants are adapted to nearly every environment on
earth
- plants are important food sources for people and
animals

3. • Photosynthesis
- the process by which green
plants use sunlight to make
food from carbon dioxide
and water.
- Photosynthesis in plants
generally involves the green
pigment chlorophyll and
generates oxygen as a byproduct.

4. PLANT CELLS:

5. • Plant cells have:
- a cell membrane
- a nucleus and other organelles
- a cell wall
- chlorophyll – the green pigment used in
photosynthesis
- a central vacuole which
regulates the water
content of the cell

6. • Some plants also contain carotenoids
- Carotenoids are red, yellow or orange pigments
that are also used in photosynthesis

7. • PARTS:
- A cuticle is a waxy protective layer that covers the
stems, leaves and flowers of many plants
- The cuticle helps prevent water loss in the plant

8. • Cellulose is a chemical compound made out of
sugar
- cellulose forms tangled fibers in cell walls and
provides structure and support

9. • Plants can be categorized as vascular or
nonvascular
• Vascular plants have tubelike
structures that carry water and
nutrients throughout the plant

10. • Nonvascular plants do not have the tubelike
structures
• Nonvascular plants use other ways to move
water and nutrients

11. • Nonvascular plants have rhizoids instead of roots.
• Rhizoids are structures that anchor the plants
where they grow
• Most nonvascular plants are classified as mosses

12. • Botany is the science of studying plants.
• In the late 1700s, Swedish
botanist Carolus Linnaeus
developed a system of
classifying living things,
using many different
characteristics

14. PARTS OF A PLANT
Leaf – the organ of a plant where photosynthesis
takes place

15. • Stem – support the branches, leaves, and
reproductive structures

16. Roots – act as anchors for a growing plant, holding
it in place.
- Water and substances enter a plant through
its roots.

17. Flower – the part of certain plants that develop
into fruit
- Flowering plants are called agiosperms

18. • Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce
seeds that are NOT protected by fruit.
• Gymnosperms have no flowers
• These plants include
conifers, such as pine trees,
fir trees, and spruce –
all are common
evergreen trees

19. • In a seed plant, there are three tissues which
make up the vascular system:
- xylem - conducts water and dissolved nutrients
upward from the root and also helps to form
the stem
- phloem - conducts sugars and other metabolic
products downward from the leaves.
- cambium - a thin layer between the xylem and
phloem of most vascular plants that gives rise
to new cells and is responsible for secondary
growth.

22. • In a seed plant, some spores develop into pollen
• A pollen grain is a small structure produced by
the male seed plant
• The transfer of pollen grains to reproduce is
called pollination
• Pollen can be transferred by gravity, wind, water,
animals or insects

24. *FLOWERS*
- Flowers have four main parts: petals, sepals,
stamen and pistils

25. • Petals are the colorful parts
• Sepals are the leaflike parts outside the petals.
They form the outside of the flower bud
• Stamen is the male reproductive part; pollen is
produced in the stamen
• Pistil is the female reproductive organ; the ovary
is the base of the pistil where ovules are found
– ovules produce eggs, or reproductive cells