This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and physiology, covering the major plant parts and their functions, plant classification, sexual reproduction in plants, photosynthesis, respiration, environmental factors like light, temperature, water, and plant growth regulators. It describes the root system, stem structures and transport tissues, leaf anatomy, flower parts, and defines key terms.

1. Plant Anatomy and
Physiology
What are the parts of the plant, and
how do they work?

2. What is Classification
 GROUPING things according to their
CHARACTERISTICS

3. Plant Classification (5 Kingdoms)
 ANIMAL
 PLANT
 FUNGI
 BACTERIA (MONERA)
 PROTISTS

4. Major Plant Parts
 Roots
 Stems
 Leaves
 Flowers

5. Roots
 Functions:
 Absorb water and nutrients
 Anchor the plant, and support the above ground
part of the plant.
 Store food.

6. Roots
 Root Systems:
 Fibrous: A system that has no dominant primary
root.
 Tap: A system composed of one primary root and
many secondary roots that branch off.

7. Fibrous

8. Tap Roots

9. Roots
 Primary Root: The first root to emerge at
germination. May become the main tap root.
 Secondary Roots: Roots that branch out from
the primary root.
 Apical Meristem: Area at the tip of the root
where new cells develop

10. Roots
 Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly
white, and smell fresh.
 Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or
dark orange and smell rotten and sour.

11. Stems
 Functions:
 Support the leaves, and positions them so they can
receive as much sunlight as possible
 Responsible for the size and shape of the plant.

12. Stems
 Functions:
 Move water, minerals, and manufactured food
throughout the whole plant.
 Green stems produce food through photosynthesis.

14. Stems
 Internal Structures
 Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and
nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is located
near the center of the stem.
 Xylem Up!!

16. Stems
 Internal Structure:
 Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food
produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. The
phloem is usually located near the outside of the
stem.
 Phloem Down!!

17. Stems
 Internal Structure
 Cambium: Tissue responsible for the production
of new xylum and phloem. It is found between the
xylum and phloem.

19. Stems
 Specialized Stems
 Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has several
fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil.
 Example: Onions
 Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb.
 Example: Gladiolus

21. Stems
 Specialized Stems
 Rhizome: Thick underground stem which lies
horizontally.
 Example: Mother in Law’s Tongue
 Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the
ground (often called runners).
 Example: Strawberry runners

22. Stems
 Specialized Stems
 Tuber: Rhizome with a tip that is swollen with
stored food.
 Example: Potatoes.

23. Leaves
 Functions:
 Produce food for the plants. They are designed to
efficiently collect light and use that light to make
energy.

25. Leaves
 Leaf Parts
 Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job is
to collect sunlight
 Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from
the stem.
 Midrib: Main vein running down the center of the
leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.

26. Leaves
 Leaf Types
 Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.
 Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.

27. Leaves
 Vein Patterns
 Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots.
 Netted: Veins form a network. Found in Dicots.

28. Leaves
 Leaf Layers:
 Cuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of the
leaf. Its job is to prevent water escaping.
 Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on both
the top and bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protect
the leaf.

29. Leaves
 Leaf Layers
 Palisade Mesophyll: A layer of cells standing on
end directly below the upper epidermis. This area
is responsible for photosynthesis.
 Spongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells located
beneath the palasade mesophyll. This area is
responsible for holding the products of
photosynthesis.

30. Leaves
 Leaf Layers
 Stomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responisble
for gas exchange.
 Guard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which open
and close them.

31. Leaf Layers

32. Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis: A chemical process by which
a plant turns light energy from the sun into
chemical energy in the form of sugar.

33. Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis
 The plant uses water and carbon dioxide to
produce glucose (a sugar). The by product of
photosynthesis is oxygen.
 These chemical reactions take place inside the cells
near the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are filled with
Chlorphyll which makes the plants green.

34. Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis
 Plants don’t photosynthesize. Chloroplasts do!
Plants just happen to be lucky enough to have
chloroplasts in their cells.

35. Respiration
 Cellular Respiration: The opposite of
photosynthesis. This process breaks sugars
down so plants can use them.
 Similar to digestion in animals.
 Takes place in a place in the cell called the
mitochondria.

36. Respiration
 How are photosynthesis and respiration
important to us as human beings?

38. Flowers
 Flower Parts -- Male
 Stamen: Male part of the flower.
 Filament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds up
the anther
 Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen.

39. Flowers
 Flower Parts -- Male
 Pollen grains are released from the anther that
contains sperm.
 Staminate: Flowers that have only male parts.

40. Flowers
 Flower Parts – Female
 Pistil: Female part of the flower
 Stigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive to
pollen.
 Style: Rod shaped middle part that has a swollen
base (ovary) containing eggs

41. Flowers
 Flower Parts – Neither male or female
 Petals: colorful leaf-like structures which attract
animals and insects.
 Corolla: When all of the petals are fused together.
 Sepals: Green leaves that protect the flower before
it opens.

42. Flowers
 Flower Parts – Niether male or female
 Calyx: When all of the sepals are fused together.

43. Flowers
 Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parents
(meiosis)
 #1 The stamen releases pollen.
 #2 Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to
the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination
occurs)
 #3 The pollen moves from the stigma down through in a
pollen tube the style depositing sperm in the ovary.

44. Flowers
 Sexual Reproduction in Plants:
 #4 When the sperm has been deposited in the
ovary fertilization has occurred.
 #5 When the eggs have been fertilized, the ovary
and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become a
fruit and the fertilized eggs become seeds.

46. Flowers
 Flower Types:
 Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts.
 Imperfect Flower: A flower that is missing either
male or female parts.
 Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals,
petals, pistils, and stamens.

47. Flowers
 Flower Types:
 Incomplete Flowers: When a flower is missing
sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen.
 Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.
Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect

48. Light
 Plants need the colors blue and red to activate
chlorophyll.
 Light bulbs are deficient in the color blue.
 Fluorescent tubes are deficient in the color red.

49. Light
 Special grow lights are made that carry the
correct blue and red wavelengths.
 Light intensity is measured in foot candles.
 Foot Candle: The amount of light given off by
a candle a foot away.

50. Light
 Plants have adapted to survive in either high,
partial, or low light intensities.

51. Light
 Photoperiod: The length of daylight.
 Short Day Plants: Plants that begin to flower when
the nights are over 12 hours long.
 Long Day Plants: Begin to flower when the nights
are under 12 hours long.
 Neutral Plants: Flowering response is unaffected by
day length.

52. Temperature
 Hardiness: A plants ability to withstand cold
temperatures.
 Hardiness is measured using the USDA
hardiness Zone Map.
 We are in zone 5, Logan is in Zone 4

53. Temperature

54. Temperature
 Wilting: A condition caused by excess heat
and dryness. When a plant wilts it closes its’
stomatas, and the cells loose their turgor
pressure.

55. Air
 Oxygen: Is needed by the plant for respiration.
It is obtained by the roots.
 Carbon Dioxide: Is needed by the plant for
photosynthesis. It is obtained through the
stomata’s

56. Water
 Plants get most of the water through their
roots. Some small quantities are also obtained
through the stems.
 Difficult task about watering: Plants need both
adequete levels of water and oxygen.

57. Water
 Plants should be watered all the way through
the root zone to encourage even root growth.
 Plants should be grown in pots with drainage
holes so the water can drain and allow oxygen
into the root zone.

58. Growth Regulators
 Plant hormones: growth regulators naturally
produced by the plant.
 Auxins: Growth hormones produced by the apical
meristem. They encourage height growth, and
discourage lateral growth.

59. Growth Regulators
 Plant Hormones:
 Cytokinins: Produced in roots and seeds, and are
responsible for cell division and differentiation.
 Ethylene: Produced by ripening fruit, it stimulates
flowering, and ripening.

60. Growth Regulators
 Plant Hormones:
 Gibberellins: Produced in stems, roots, and young
leaves. They are responsible for internodal
elongation.
 Abscisic Acid: Found in seeds. A hormone which
inhibits growth.

61. Giberrellins Effect
on dwarf bean plants
The effect of Auxins
Ethylene

62. Growth Regulators
 Commercial Uses:
 A-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel: Used on
poinsettias, Easter Lilies, and Chrysanthemums to
reduce size to make a shorter bushier, and more
attractive plant.
 Rootone and Hormodin: Used to help plants root
more quickly.

63. Growth Regulators
 Commercial Uses:
 Ethylene gas: Used to ripen bananas when they
get to market. Used to induce flowering in
pineapple crops.

64. Plant Classification
 Non Flowering
 Ferns
 Cone-Producers (Conifers)
 Flowering
 Monocots
 Dicots

65. Monocots
 Leaves have parallel Veins
 Fibrous Roots
 Flower parts in 3’s
 Seed has one part (cotyledon)
 Vascular bundles are scattered

66. Dicots
 Leaves have branched Veins
 Tap Roots
 Flower parts in 4’s & 5’s
 Seed has two parts (cotyledons)
 Vascular bundles are in a ring