The document discusses the major parts of plants including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. It describes the functions and structures of each part. Roots absorb water and nutrients and anchor the plant. Stems transport water and nutrients and provide structure. Leaves produce food through photosynthesis. Flowers facilitate sexual reproduction through pollination and fertilization. The document provides details on plant anatomy and physiology.

1. Plant Anatomy andPlant Anatomy and
PhysiologyPhysiology
What are the parts of the plant, andWhat are the parts of the plant, and
how do they work?how do they work?
By Nathan BushmanBy Nathan Bushman
Used courtesy of Lehi FFAUsed courtesy of Lehi FFA
Bushman, N. (n.d.). Welcome to Biology Agriculture.Bushman, N. (n.d.). Welcome to Biology Agriculture.
Retrieved May 22, 2015, from http://lehiffa.org/Bushman/Retrieved May 22, 2015, from http://lehiffa.org/Bushman/

2. Major Plant PartsMajor Plant Parts
 RootsRoots
 StemsStems
 LeavesLeaves
 FlowersFlowers

3. RootsRoots
 Functions:Functions:
 Absorb water and nutrientsAbsorb water and nutrients
 Anchor the plant, and support the above groundAnchor the plant, and support the above ground
part of the plant.part of the plant.
 Store food.Store food.

4. RootsRoots
 Root Systems:Root Systems:
 Fibrous: A system that has no dominant primaryFibrous: A system that has no dominant primary
root.root.
 Tap: A system composed of one primary root andTap: A system composed of one primary root and
many secondary roots that branch off.many secondary roots that branch off.

5. FibrousFibrous

6. Tap RootsTap Roots

7. RootsRoots
 Primary Root: The first root to emerge atPrimary Root: The first root to emerge at
germination. May become the main tap root.germination. May become the main tap root.
 Secondary Roots: Roots that branch out fromSecondary Roots: Roots that branch out from
the primary root.the primary root.
 Apical Meristem: Area at the tip of the rootApical Meristem: Area at the tip of the root
where new cells developwhere new cells develop

8. RootsRoots
 Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearlyHealthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly
white, and smell fresh.white, and smell fresh.
 Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, orUnhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or
dark orange and smell rotten and sour.dark orange and smell rotten and sour.

9. StemsStems
 Functions:Functions:
 Support the leaves, and positions them so they canSupport the leaves, and positions them so they can
receive as much sunlight as possiblereceive as much sunlight as possible
 Responsible for the size and shape of the plant.Responsible for the size and shape of the plant.

10. StemsStems
 Functions:Functions:
 Move water, minerals, and manufactured foodMove water, minerals, and manufactured food
throughout the whole plant.throughout the whole plant.
 Green stems produce food through photosynthesis.Green stems produce food through photosynthesis.

12. StemsStems
 Internal StructuresInternal Structures
 Xylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water andXylem: Tissue responsible for carrying water and
nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is locatednutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is located
near the center of the stem.near the center of the stem.
 Xylem UpXylem Up!!!!

14. StemsStems
 Internal Structure:Internal Structure:
 Phloem: Tissue responsible for carrying foodPhloem: Tissue responsible for carrying food
produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. Theproduced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. The
phloem is usually located near the outside of thephloem is usually located near the outside of the
stem.stem.
 Phloem DownPhloem Down!!!!

15. StemsStems
 Internal StructureInternal Structure
 Cambium: Tissue responsible for the productionCambium: Tissue responsible for the production
of new xylum and phloem. It is found between theof new xylum and phloem. It is found between the
xylum and phloem.xylum and phloem.

17. StemsStems
 Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems
 Bulbs: Short flattened stem which has severalBulbs: Short flattened stem which has several
fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil.fleshy leaves. Bulbs are found beneath the soil.
 Example: OnionsExample: Onions
 Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb.Corm: Sphyrical structure similar to a bulb.
 Example: GladiolusExample: Gladiolus

19. StemsStems
 Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems
 Rhizome: Thick underground stem which liesRhizome: Thick underground stem which lies
horizontally.horizontally.
 Example: Mother in Law’s TongueExample: Mother in Law’s Tongue
 Stolon: Horizontal stem which lies above theStolon: Horizontal stem which lies above the
ground (often called runners).ground (often called runners).
 Example: Strawberry runnersExample: Strawberry runners

20. StemsStems
 Specialized StemsSpecialized Stems
 Tuber: Rhizome with a tip that is swollen withTuber: Rhizome with a tip that is swollen with
stored food.stored food.
 Example: Potatoes.Example: Potatoes.

21. LeavesLeaves
 Functions:Functions:
 Produce food for the plants. They are designed toProduce food for the plants. They are designed to
efficiently collect light and use that light to makeefficiently collect light and use that light to make
energy.energy.

23. LeavesLeaves
 Leaf PartsLeaf Parts
 Leaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job isLeaf Blade: Large, broad, flat surface whose job is
to collect sunlightto collect sunlight
 Petiole: supports the leaf and holds it away fromPetiole: supports the leaf and holds it away from
the stem.the stem.
 Midrib: Main vein running down the center of theMidrib: Main vein running down the center of the
leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.leaf. It helps hold the leaf so it is facing the sun.

24. LeavesLeaves
 Leaf TypesLeaf Types
 Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.Simple leaf: Has only one leaf on the petiole.
 Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.Compound leaf: A leaf with multiple blades.

25. LeavesLeaves
 Vein PatternsVein Patterns
 Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots.Parallel: Veins never cross. Found in monocots.
 Netted: Veins form a network. Found in Dicots.Netted: Veins form a network. Found in Dicots.

26. LeavesLeaves
 Leaf Layers:Leaf Layers:
 Cuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of theCuticle: The top waxy, non-cellular part of the
leaf. Its job is to prevent water escaping.leaf. Its job is to prevent water escaping.
 Epidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on bothEpidermis: Skin like layer of cells found on both
the top and bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protectthe top and bottom of the leaf. Its job is to protect
the leaf.the leaf.

27. LeavesLeaves
 Leaf LayersLeaf Layers
 Palisade Mesophyll: A layer of cells standing onPalisade Mesophyll: A layer of cells standing on
end directly below the upper epidermis. This areaend directly below the upper epidermis. This area
is responsible for photosynthesis.is responsible for photosynthesis.
 Spongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells locatedSpongy Mesophyll: Loosely packed cells located
beneath the palasade mesophyll. This area isbeneath the palasade mesophyll. This area is
responsible for holding the products ofresponsible for holding the products of
photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

28. LeavesLeaves
 Leaf LayersLeaf Layers
 Stomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responisbleStomata: Holes in the lower epidermis responisble
for gas exchange.for gas exchange.
 Guard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which openGuard Cells: Surround the stomata’s which open
and close them.and close them.

29. Leaf LayersLeaf Layers

31. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Parts -- MaleFlower Parts -- Male
 Stamen: Male part of the flower.Stamen: Male part of the flower.
 Filament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds upFilament: Stalk like in the stamen that holds up
the antherthe anther
 Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen.Anther: Sack-like structure that contains pollen.

32. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Parts -- MaleFlower Parts -- Male
 Pollen grains are released from the anther thatPollen grains are released from the anther that
contains sperm.contains sperm.
 Staminate: Flowers that have only male parts.Staminate: Flowers that have only male parts.

33. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Parts – FemaleFlower Parts – Female
 Pistil: Female part of the flowerPistil: Female part of the flower
 Stigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive toStigma: Sticky part of the pistil that is receptive to
pollen.pollen.
 Style: Rod shaped middle part that has a swollenStyle: Rod shaped middle part that has a swollen
base (ovary) containing eggsbase (ovary) containing eggs

34. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Parts – Neither male or femaleFlower Parts – Neither male or female
 Petals: colorful leaf-like structures which attractPetals: colorful leaf-like structures which attract
animals and insects.animals and insects.
 Corolla: When all of the petals are fused together.Corolla: When all of the petals are fused together.
 Sepals: Green leaves that protect the flower beforeSepals: Green leaves that protect the flower before
it opens.it opens.

35. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Parts – Niether male or femaleFlower Parts – Niether male or female
 Calyx: When all of the sepals are fused together.Calyx: When all of the sepals are fused together.

36. FlowersFlowers
 Sexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parentsSexual Reproduction in Plants: Two parents
(meiosis)(meiosis)
 #1 The stamen releases pollen.#1 The stamen releases pollen.
 #2 Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to#2 Pollen is carried by wind, gravity, animals, or insects to
the stigma of another flower. (This is when pollinationthe stigma of another flower. (This is when pollination
occurs)occurs)
 #3 The pollen moves from the stigma down through in a#3 The pollen moves from the stigma down through in a
pollen tube the style depositing sperm in the ovary.pollen tube the style depositing sperm in the ovary.

37. FlowersFlowers
 Sexual Reproduction in Plants:Sexual Reproduction in Plants:
 #4 When the sperm has been deposited in the#4 When the sperm has been deposited in the
ovary fertilization has occurred.ovary fertilization has occurred.
 #5 When the eggs have been fertilized, the ovary#5 When the eggs have been fertilized, the ovary
and surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become aand surrounding tissue start to enlarge to become a
fruit and the fertilized eggs become seeds.fruit and the fertilized eggs become seeds.

39. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Types:Flower Types:
 Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts.Perfect Flower: Has both male and female parts.
 Imperfect Flower: A flower that is missing eitherImperfect Flower: A flower that is missing either
male or female parts.male or female parts.
 Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals,Complete Flower: Flowers that have sepals,
petals, pistils, and stamens.petals, pistils, and stamens.

40. FlowersFlowers
 Flower Types:Flower Types:
 Incomplete Flowers: When a flower is missingIncomplete Flowers: When a flower is missing
sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen.sepals, petals, pistils, or stamen.
 Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.Imperfect Flowers are always incomplete.
Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfectIncomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect

41. LightLight
 Plants need the colors blue and red to activatePlants need the colors blue and red to activate
chlorophyll.chlorophyll.
 Light bulbs are deficient in the color blue.Light bulbs are deficient in the color blue.
 Fluorescent tubes are deficient in the color red.Fluorescent tubes are deficient in the color red.

42. LightLight
 Special grow lights are made that carry theSpecial grow lights are made that carry the
correct blue and red wavelengths.correct blue and red wavelengths.
 Light intensity is measured in foot candles.Light intensity is measured in foot candles.
 Foot Candle: The amount of light given off byFoot Candle: The amount of light given off by
a candle a foot away.a candle a foot away.

43. LightLight
 Plants have adapted to survive in either high,Plants have adapted to survive in either high,
partial, or low light intensities.partial, or low light intensities.

44. LightLight
 Photoperiod: The length of daylight.Photoperiod: The length of daylight.
 Short Day Plants: Plants that begin to flower whenShort Day Plants: Plants that begin to flower when
the nights are over 12 hours long.the nights are over 12 hours long.
 Long Day Plants: Begin to flower when the nightsLong Day Plants: Begin to flower when the nights
are under 12 hours long.are under 12 hours long.
 Neutral Plants: Flowering response is unaffected byNeutral Plants: Flowering response is unaffected by
day length.day length.

45. TemperatureTemperature
 Hardiness: A plants ability to withstand coldHardiness: A plants ability to withstand cold
temperatures.temperatures.
 Hardiness is measured using the USDAHardiness is measured using the USDA
hardiness Zone Map.hardiness Zone Map.
 We are in zone 5, Logan is in Zone 4We are in zone 5, Logan is in Zone 4

46. TemperatureTemperature

47. TemperatureTemperature
 Wilting: A condition caused by excess heatWilting: A condition caused by excess heat
and dryness. When a plant wilts it closes its’and dryness. When a plant wilts it closes its’
stomatas, and the cells loose their turgorstomatas, and the cells loose their turgor
pressure.pressure.

48. AirAir
 Oxygen: Is needed by the plant forOxygen: Is needed by the plant for
respiration. It is obtained by the roots.respiration. It is obtained by the roots.
 Carbon Dioxide: Is needed by the plant forCarbon Dioxide: Is needed by the plant for
photosynthesis. It is obtained through thephotosynthesis. It is obtained through the
stomata’sstomata’s

49. WaterWater
 Plants get most of the water through theirPlants get most of the water through their
roots. Some small quantities are also obtainedroots. Some small quantities are also obtained
through the stems.through the stems.
 Difficult task about watering: Plants needDifficult task about watering: Plants need
both adequete levels of water and oxygen.both adequete levels of water and oxygen.

50. WaterWater
 Plants should be watered all the way throughPlants should be watered all the way through
the root zone to encourage even root growth.the root zone to encourage even root growth.
 Plants should be grown in pots with drainagePlants should be grown in pots with drainage
holes so the water can drain and allow oxygenholes so the water can drain and allow oxygen
into the root zone.into the root zone.

51. Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators
 Plant hormones: growth regulators naturallyPlant hormones: growth regulators naturally
produced by the plant.produced by the plant.
 Auxins: Growth hormones produced by the apicalAuxins: Growth hormones produced by the apical
meristem. They encourage height growth, andmeristem. They encourage height growth, and
discourage lateral growth.discourage lateral growth.

52. Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators
 Plant Hormones:Plant Hormones:
 Cytokinins: Produced in roots and seeds, and areCytokinins: Produced in roots and seeds, and are
responsible for cell division and differentiation.responsible for cell division and differentiation.
 Ethylene: Produced by ripening fruit, it stimulatesEthylene: Produced by ripening fruit, it stimulates
flowering, and ripening.flowering, and ripening.

53. Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators
 Plant Hormones:Plant Hormones:
 Gibberellins: Produced in stems, roots, and youngGibberellins: Produced in stems, roots, and young
leaves. They are responsible for internodalleaves. They are responsible for internodal
elongation.elongation.
 Abscisic Acid: Found in seeds. A hormone whichAbscisic Acid: Found in seeds. A hormone which
inhibits growth.inhibits growth.

54. Giberrellins Effect
on dwarf bean plants
The effect of Auxins
Ethylene

55. Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators
 Commercial Uses:Commercial Uses:
 A-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel: Used onA-rest, B-Nine, Cycocel, Florel: Used on
poinsettias, Easter Lilies, and Chrysanthemums topoinsettias, Easter Lilies, and Chrysanthemums to
reduce size to make a shorter bushier, and morereduce size to make a shorter bushier, and more
attractive plant.attractive plant.
 Rootone and Hormodin: Used to help plants rootRootone and Hormodin: Used to help plants root
more quickly.more quickly.

56. Growth RegulatorsGrowth Regulators
 Commercial Uses:Commercial Uses:
 Ethylene gas: Used to ripen bananas when theyEthylene gas: Used to ripen bananas when they
get to market. Used to induce flowering inget to market. Used to induce flowering in
pineapple crops.pineapple crops.

57. Plant ClassificationPlant Classification
 Non FloweringNon Flowering
 FernsFerns
 Cone-Producers (Conifers)Cone-Producers (Conifers)
 FloweringFlowering
 MonocotsMonocots
 DicotsDicots

58. MonocotsMonocots
 Leaves have parallel VeinsLeaves have parallel Veins
 Fibrous RootsFibrous Roots
 Flower parts in 3’sFlower parts in 3’s
 Seed has one part (cotyledon)Seed has one part (cotyledon)
 Vascular bundles are scatteredVascular bundles are scattered

59. DicotsDicots
 Leaves have branched VeinsLeaves have branched Veins
 Tap RootsTap Roots
 Flower parts in 4’s & 5’sFlower parts in 4’s & 5’s
 Seed has two parts (cotyledons)Seed has two parts (cotyledons)
 Vascular bundles are in a ringVascular bundles are in a ring