This chapter was really heavy Divided it in three parts , 1. Roots, Stem , leaves 2.Flowers, Fruits ,seed Two parts are included, third part will be uploaded soon. ~Please comment ~ Feel free to Suggest~♥

1. MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING
PLANTS
-RAVAL ZEBA

2. 1.PARTS OF A TYPICAL
FLOWERING PLANT:
Root System Shoot System
•Homogenous
•Consist of
Roots and its
Branches
•Homogenous
•Consist of Stem,
branches , leaves,
flowers
PARTS OF PLANT BODY
Vegetative Parts
Reproductive Parts
•Promote
Nutrition and
Growth
•Root, Stem ,
Leaves
•Responsible
for
Reproduction
•Flowers

3. SOME INFORMATION :
Study of external Structure of Plants::”External Morphology”
Study of internal Structure of Plants:”Internal Morphology”
ABOUT ROOTS:
Positively Geotropic: grows downwards
Negatively Phototropic: away from light
Postively Hydrotropic :towards water
Don’t have Nodes Internodes
FUNCTIONS:
•Fixation
• Anchorage (hold to soil)
•Nutrition( pass nutrients)
•Gas Exchanger( soil to plant)
•Food storer ( become swollen)
•Food manufacturer
•Aerial roots absorb moisture from air

4. 2. PARTS OF A ROOT AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS

6. 2.(A) TYPES OF
ROOTS
Tap Roots Fibrous Roots
•Develops from radicle
•Grow Vertically downwards
into :
•Primary root
• Secondary Roots
•Tertiary Roots
•Roots are in ”Acropetal
Succession” Old at base,
young at top
•Present in Dicot plants
Grow
horizontally
•Develops from any other
part then Radicle
•They have equal sized
growth of roots
•Also called” Fibrous root
system”
•Present in Monocot
plants

7. 2 (B) MODIFICATIONS OF ROOTS:
1.MODIFICATIONS OF TAP-ROOTS:

8. FOR RESPIRATION:
1. Plants growing in marshy, swampy, salt lakes
are called “Halophytes”
2. PROBLEM: Inability to respire in soil, as soil
is water-logged
3. SOLUTION: Turn “Negatively Geotropic” and
grow vertically upwards
4. Have special cells “lenticels” who respire

9. 2. MODIFICATIONS OF ADVENTITIOUS
ROOTS:
1. FOOD
STORAGE :
1. Don’t have definite
shape
2. Arise from stem and
dig into soil
1. Cluster of roots become
fleshy (to store food)
2. Found at base of stem
SIMPLE TUBEROUS
ROOTS, e.g Sweet potato
FASCICULATED
TUBEROUS ROOTS
,e.g dahlia

10. 2.FOR MECHANICAL
SUPPORT
1.PROP ROOTS :
1. These Roots arise from branches
2. Grow downwards
3. FUNCTION: Provide mechanical
support to heavy branches
2.STILT ROOTS:
1. Stems of such plants are weak
2. For that, Roots arise from stem
and grown downwards to soil to
give support
3.CLIMBER ROOTS:
•Plants like such produce roots
from nodes
•These roots attach themselves
to any support and continue
growing.
BANYAN TREE
PANDAN
US

11. 3.FOR SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS :
1.EPIPHYTIC ROOTS:
1. Orchids like plants grow on branches to reach for sunlight
2. They have green leaves( so can photosynthesize), these plants
called ”epiphytes”
3. They have “Velamen” tissue inside which helps in absorption of
moisture form air
CUSCUTA
HOST

12. PARASTITE
HOST
2. SUCKING ROOTS /HAUSTORIUM :
1. Parasite plants attach to Host plants for feeding on their
body.
2. In partial Parasitism, Plants penetrate Xylem only :Take water
and minerals
3. In Whole Parasitism, penetrate Xylem: take water and
minerals + Phloem :take food away

13. 5.1.2 MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS OF STEM:
1. Describe in Shoot system “Aerial part of plant”
2. Can be defined as ,
Ascending part :moves upwards
develops from plumule
divided In nodes and Internodes (refer diagram )
3.Is, Positively Phototropic: Moves towards
light
Negatively Geotropic and Hydrotropic:
moves away from soil and water

14. BUDS : Young shoot containing young leaves
There are two types of Buds
Vegetative Buds: Buds
which develop in branches
Floral buds : buds
developing in flowers
ACCESSORY
BUDS (extra
buds)
ADVENTITIO
US BUDS

15. FUNCTIONS OF STEM:
1. Give Support to plant body
2. Conduct Water, Minerals
3. Food Transporter
Can also, store food,
1. proliferation and propogation,
2. Produce support for climbing
3. Offer protection ( spines)

16. MODIFICATION OF STEMS :
I) UNDERGROUND MODIFICATIONS :
TUBER
RHIZOME
BULB
CORM

17. II) SUB- AERIAL MODIFICATIONS :

18. III) AERIAL MODIFICATION OF STEM:
STEM TENDRIL
THORN
PHYLLOCADE
cladode
BULBILS

19. 5.1.3 MORPHOLOGY AND FUNCTIONS AND PARTS OF
LEAF:

21. PARTS OF A FOLIAGE :
PETIOLE/MESOPODIUM
LAMINA/EPIPODIUM
LEAF BASE /HYPOPODIUM

22. VENATION :

23. TYPES OF VENATION :

25. PINNATELY COMPOUND LEAVES:

27. MODIFICATIONS OF LEAVES:
LEAF SPINES
LEAF TENDRILS
LEAF HOOKS PHYLLODES

28. PHYLLOTAXY

29. FLOWERS

30. RACEMOSE
CYMOSE

31. PARTS OF A FLOWER

37. FRUITS

38. PARTHENOCARPIC FRUITS

40. SIMPLE FRUITS

41. AGGREGATE FRUITS
COMPOSITE
FRUITS