- Taxonomy is the science and practice of classifying organisms based on similarities and differences. It has a long history dating back to ancient Greek and Roman herbalists who classified plants based on uses and appearances. - Major figures like Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Albertus Magnus, and later herbalists and botanists worked to systematically name and group plant species. Carolus Linnaeus developed the Linnean system of binomial nomenclature still used today. - There are three main approaches to taxonomy - phenetics based on overall similarity, cladistics on shared derived characteristics, and evolutionary taxonomy combining lineage and divergence. Modern classification systems continue to be refined.

1. Plant and Animal Taxonomy Bio 19 by: Ms. GEonyzl J. Lepiten

2. Objectives : To define TAXONOMY To trace the history of taxonomy. To know the people who pioneered taxonomy To discuss the nature of taxonomy Importance of taxonomy. Relevance of taxonomy to you.

3. What is taxonomy to you? TAXONOMY………… * is a practice and science of classification . * from two Greek words: - “taxis ” , 'order' + νόμος , -“nomos ” , 'law' or 'science'. * taxonomic units known as: - taxa (singular taxon ), * a part of systematics

4. It is a science that classify organisms into groups and its natural relationships Three main Schools of Taxonomy : Phenetic taxonomy – classify organisms based on overall form and structure or genetic similarity - also called NUMERICAL TAXONOMY Cladistics taxonomy - classify organisms based on branching points. - not based on origin but on the shared characteristics - also called PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY

5. 3. Evolutionary taxonomy – classify organisms based on combination and divergence - also called TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY HISTORY………. Long long time ago……  GREEKS and ROMANS - practiced naming and classification of organisms based to its use and they feared most. Most of the naming were done by the Herbalist

6. Theophratus (370 – 285 B.C.) * Greek student of Plato * established a first documentation local flora. * discussed more than 500 species and varieties of plants from lands bordering the Atlantic and Mediterranean Published works on systematics : 1. Inquiry into Plants – translated by Theodorus Gaza 2. The Causes of Plants

7. Some generic name made by Theophratus......... Daucus - carrots Asparagus Narcissus -

8. Dioscorides (1 st century A.D.) - Roman military surgeon writing a five volume book De Materia Medica * most influential herbal books Added 100 species of flora from Mediterranean

9. Represented modern Families identified by Dioscorides: Fabaceae Lamiaceae Apiaceae

10. Albertus Magnus (1200 – 1280 A.D.) known as: Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne , was a Dominican friar Produced a first recognized classification of plants into: a. MONOCOT b. DICOT

11. THE HERBALIST

12. John Gerard (1542 – 1612) English Published the book titled, “ Herball, or Generall Historie of Plants ” (1597) Added 182 new plants Revised the arrangement and appended his observations But it was corrected by Thomas Johnson

13. Leonhart Fuchs (1501 – 1566) Provide a clear illustrations of the plant specimens

14. Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585) he include the medical importance of the plants and its localities. “ Aloe groweth very plenteously in India, and from thence commeth the best iuyce ... It is to be seene also in this Countrie in the gardens of some Herboristes. ... it is a soueraigne medicine for vlcers about the secrete partes, and fundement. The same boyled with wine and hony, healeth the outgrowinges & riftes of the fundament, & stoppeth the abounding fluxe of the Hemorrhoides.” Source: Dodoens / Lyte (1578)

15. Artificial Classification Carolous Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) (1707-1778) Develop a ‘sexual system’ that divided the plants into 24 classes develop the Linnean System of naming or Binomial nomenclature - Published 23 volumes of the book “Species Plantarum”

16. Natural Classifications 1883 the “Genera Plantarum” was completed, the fruit of a 21-year collaboration with Sir Joseph Hooker. This monumental work outlined what became known as the Bentham-Hooker classification system for flowering plant George Bentham (1800 -1884)

17. Phylogenetic Classifications