Piston-engine power plants have been used since the early 18th century and include diesel, gas, and dual-fuel engines. They vary in size from less than 1 kW to 65 MW. Larger, slower engines are more efficient but high-speed engines are used for backup power. Combined heat and power systems can achieve over 75% overall efficiency. Diesel engines are commonly used for power generation due to their high efficiency but produce more emissions than gas engines.
Engine cooling system is a system made with various mechanical parts to perform inter-related functions to dissipate heat from the energy produced during combustion.
Engine cooling system is a system made with various mechanical parts to perform inter-related functions to dissipate heat from the energy produced during combustion.
Now a day the most difficult challenges in engine technology is to increase its thermal efficiency, If the efficiency is higher, than there will less fuel consumption and lower atmospheric emissions per unit of work produced by the engine. In Six Stroke engine, the name indicates a cycle of six strokes in which two are useful power strokes. The engine which we get by adding two more stroke in existing four stroke engines generates more power with higher fuel efficiency. The exhausted heat generated form four stroke cycle is used in this engine to get an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder. In this engine, steam is produce from water with the help of heat generated from four-stroke cycle, which is later used as a working fluid for the additional power stroke. This steam will force the piston down. As well as extracting power, the additional stroke cools the engine by water which is used for steam generation and removes the need for a cooling system which is used in four stroke Otto cycle and makes the engine lighter and giving 40% increased efficiency over the normal Otto cycle. In six stroke engine. The pistons go up and down six times for each injection of fuel. These six stroke engines have two power strokes: one by fuel, one by steam
The vehicle propulsion is usually obtained by means of engines, also known as prime movers, i.e. mechanical devices capable to convert the chemical energy of a fuel into mechanical energy. By the way, the English term “engine”, is likely to have a French origin in the Old French word “engin” which in turns is thought to come from the Latin “ingenium” (sharing the same root of “ingénieur” or “engineer”).
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. Piston-Engine Based Power Plants
by
Muhammad Hanif Sarwar
NFC(IET) Multan
The Bulk of material in these slide slides from Paul Breeze, Power Generation Technologies , Elsevier, 2005.
EE-415: Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Spring 2013
7. Piston Engines
Piston engines or reciprocating engines are used throughout the world
in applications ranging from lawn mowers to cars, locomotives, ships
trucks, and for power and combined heat and power generation.
Engines vary in size from less than 1 kW to 65,000kW.
They can burn a wide range of fuels including natural gas, biogas,
LPG, gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, heavy fuel oil and even coal.
Small units:
Used for standby power or for combined heat, and power in homes and
offices.
Usually cheap because they are mass produced
Relatively low efficiencies
Short lives.
8. Piston Engines
Larger standby units
Used where supply of power is critical; in hospitals or to support highly
sensitive computer installations such as air traffic control
Medium-sized units
Many commercial and industrial facilities use medium-sized piston engine-
based combined heat and power units for base-load power generation.
Large-sized units
Can be used for base-load, grid-connected power generation
Smaller units provide electricity to isolated communities
Larger engines tend to be more expensive
Large, megawatt scale engines are the most efficient prime movers
available,with simple cycle efficiencies approaching 50%.
9. Working Principal of a Piston Engine
In its most basic form, the piston engine comprises a cylinder
sealed at one end and open at the other end.
A disc or piston which fits closely within the cylinder is used to
seal the open end and this piston can move backwards and
forwards within the cylinder.
This it does in response to the expansion and contraction of the
gas contained within the cylinder.
The outside of the piston is attached via a hinged lever to a
crankshaft. Movement of the piston in and out of the cylinder
causes the crankshaft to rotate and this rotation is used to derive
motive energy from the piston engine.
10. Working Principal of a Piston Engines
Reciprocating or Internal Combustion Engine
Stirling Engine
11. Types of Piston Engines
Reciprocating or internal combustion engines
Spark Ignition type
Compression or diesel type: High efficiency for power generation
applications but produces high level of atmospheric pollution
particularly nitrogen oxide
Valves are employed to admit a mixture of fuel and air into the sealed
piston chamber where it is burnt to generate energy.
External Combustion Engines or Stirling Engine
Developed for specialized power generation
Heat energy used to drive it is applied outside the sealed piston
chamber.
Piston Engine Types
12. Internal Combustion(IC) Engines
Spark Ignition Type
The Otto cycle engine employs a spark to ignite a mixture of air and
fuel compressed by the piston within the cylinder.
Explosive release of heat energy increases the gas pressure in the
cylinder, forcing the piston outwards as the gas expands.
This explosion force on the piston turns the crankshaft
Compression Type Engines
The Otto cycle was modified by Rudolph Diesel in the 1890s.
Air is compressed by a piston to such a high pressure that its
temperature rises above the ignition point of the fuel which is then
introduced to the chamber and ignites spontaneously without spark.
13. A further subdivision depends on whether the engine utilises a
two- or a four-stroke cycle.
Two-stroke
The former is attractive in very small engines as it can provide relatively
high power for low weight.
For power generation, some very large engines also use a two-stroke
cycle.
Four-stroke
Most small- and medium-sized engines for power generation employ the
four-stroke cycle.
IC Engine Types
14. Four-Stroke Cycle
Intake Stroke
Either air (diesel cycle) or a fuel and air mixture (Otto cycle) is drawn
into the piston chamber
Compression Stroke
The gases in the cylinder are compressed
Power Stroke
In the case of the Otto cycle, a spark ignites the fuel–air mixture at the
top of the piston movement creating an explosive expansion of the
compressed mixture which forces the piston down again.
In the diesel cycle, fuel is introduced close to the top of the compression
stroke, igniting spontaneously with the same effect.
15. Four-Stroke Cycle
Exhaust Stroke
Exhaust gases are forced out of the piston chamber. In either case a
large flywheel attached to the crankshaft stores angular momentum
generated by the power stroke and this provides sufficient momentum
to carry the crankshaft and piston through the three other strokes
required for each cycle.
The introduction of fuel and air, and the
removal of exhaust is controlled by valves
which are mechanically timed to coincide
with the various stages of the cycle.
17. Four-Sroke Engines
Gasoline engines for automobiles typically have 4-8 cylinders
Out-of-phase cylinders provide force to drive pistons through
compression phase and yield balanced power
19. Two-Stroke Cycle
Intake and exhaust strokes are not separate. Instead fuel is forced
into the piston chamber (intake) towards the end of the power
stroke, pushing out exhaust gases through a valve at the top of the
chamber. A compression stroke is then followed by ignition of fuel
and a repeat of the cycle.
Two-stroke Cycle
Advantages:
Simpler and cheaper
Higher power-to-mass
Each stroke is power stroke
Smoother power in one-
cylinder engine.
Disadvantages:
Some unburned fuel escapes
20. Three categories of engines : high-, medium-, and low-speed
engines.
High-speed engines are the smallest and operate up to 3600 rpm.
The largest slow-speed engines may run as slow as 58 rpm.
Engine performance varies with speed. High-speed engines provide
the greatest power output as a function of cylinder size.
Engine Size and Speed
21. However the larger, slower engines are more efficient and last
longer. Thus the choice of engine will depend very much on
the application for which it is intended.
Large, slow- or medium-speed engines are generally more
suited to base-load generation but it may be more cost effective
to employ high-speed engines for back-up service where the
engines will not be required to operate for many hours each
year.
In addition to standby service or continuous output base-load
operation, piston engine power plants are good at load
following.
Engine Size and Speed
22. Spark Ignition Engines
They can burn a variety of fuels including gasoline, propane and
landfill gas but the most common fuel for power generation
applications is natural gas.
Most are four-stroke engines available in sizes up to around 6.5MW.
With natural gas, the engine efficiency varies between 28% for smaller
engines and 42% for larger engines.
An engine tuned for maximum efficiency will produce roughly twice
as much nitrogen oxides as an engine tuned for low emissions.
Many natural gas engines are derived from diesel engines with 60–
80% of the output of the original diesel.
More expensive than diesel engines but longer life and lower-
maintenance costs. Higher power can be achieved with a dual-fuel
engine .
23. Dual Fuel Engines
Natural gas–air mixture is admitted to the cylinder during the intake
stroke, then compressed during the compression stroke.
At the top of the compression stroke the pilot diesel fuel is admitted
and ignites spontaneously, igniting the gas–air mixture to create the
power expansion.
Engine operates at close to the conditions of a diesel engine, with a
high-power output and high efficiency, yet with the emissions close to
those of a gas-fired spark-ignition engine.
Dual fuel engines operate with between 1% and 15% diesel fuel.
A dual fuel engine can also burn 100% diesel if necessary, with much
higher emissions.
24. Stirling Engine
Heat energy used to drive a Stirling engine is applied outside the
cylinders which are completely sealed.
Stirling engines often use helium or Hydrogen within cylinders.
A normal Stirling engine has two cylinders, an expansion cylinder
and a compression cylinder. The two are linked and heat is applied
to the expansion cylinder while the compression cylinder is cooled.
Careful balancing of the system allows the heat energy to be
converted into rotational motion.
Advantages: As heat energy is applied externally, hence in theory,
be derived from any heat source.
25. Stirling Engine
Stirling engines have been used to exploit solar energy and for
biomass applications. However their use is not widespread.
Typical engines sizes in use and development range from 1 to
150kW.
26. Co-generation
The efficiency of piston-engine-based power generation varies from
25% for small engines to close to 50% for the very largest engines.
Between 50% and 75% of energy can be converted into combined heat
and power (CHP) systems.
Between 30% and 50% of energy in exhaust gases can be used to
generate medium-pressure steam or can be used to generate hot water.
The main engine case cooling system can capture up to 30% of the
total energy input which could be passed through a heat exchanger to
provide a source of hot water, although in some cases it can be used to
produce low-pressure steam as well.
In the USA in 2000, there were 1055 engine-based CHP systems in
operation with an aggregate generating capacity of 800MW
28. Cooling of a Diesel Engine
Air cooling used in small and
portable engines through fins.
In natural circulation systems,
water circulates due to
difference in density at
different temperatures.
Standby diesel power plants
up to 200 kVA use forced
circulation cooling system
In bigger plants, hot water is
cooled in a cooling tower and
re-circulated again. Make-up
water is therefore needed. Forced Circulation Cooling System.
29. Diesel Power Stations
Advantages
The design and layout of the plant are quite simple.
It occupies less space as the number and size of the auxiliaries is small.
It can be located at any place.
It can be started quickly and can pick up load in a short time.
There are no standby losses.
It requires less quantity of water for cooling.
The overall cost is much less than that of steam power station of the same
capacity.
The thermal efficiency of the plant is higher than that of a steam power
station.
It requires less operating staff.
30. Diesel Power Stations
Disadvantages
The plant has high running charges as the fuel (i.e., diesel) used is costly.
The plant does not work satisfactorily under overload conditions for a
longer period.
The plant can only generate small power.
The cost of lubrication is generally high.
The maintenance charges are generally high.