This document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines internal combustion engines as engines that combust fuel inside the engine cylinder. It classifies internal combustion engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, engine speed, cylinder number and position. It describes the four stroke cycles of Otto and diesel engines. It compares petrol and diesel engines and two stroke and four stroke engines. It defines indicated power and mechanical, thermal, brake and relative efficiencies of internal combustion engines.
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is an engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is an engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.
Internal combustion (ic) engines.
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.
Internal combustion (ic) engines.
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Introduction
Classification of I.C. engines ,
Engine details,
I.C.Engine terminology ,
Otto four stroke petrol Engine ,
Four stroke diesel Engine ,
Difference between petrol engine and diesel engine ,
Two stroke cycle engines ,
Difference between two stroke and four stroke cycle engines ,
Indicated Power (I.P.) ,
Efficiencies
3. In 1876 four stroke engine based on Otto cycle was developed by a German engineer
Nikolous Otto. Diesel Engine was developed by another German engineer Rudolf Diesel in the
year 1892.
Engine refers as “Heat engine is a device which converts chemical energy of fuel into Heat
energy and this Heat energy further convert into mechanical work”.
Based on where the combustion of fuel take place. Whether outside the working cylinder or
inside the working cylinder
(a) External combustion engines (E.C.ENGINES), (b) Internal combustion engines
(I.C.ENGINES)
I.C.ENGINES E.C.ENGINES
Fuel combustion take place inside the cylinder. Fuel combustion take place outside the cylinder.
Compact in size and more efficient. Larger in size and less efficient.
Low initial cost. More initial cost.
Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel. Working fluid is steam.
Easier and quick starting of these engines. Starting is difficult and more time is required.
Costly fuels are required like petrol and diesel. Cheaper fuel may be used like coal.
More suitable for mobile applications. Less suitable for mobile applications.
4. I.C.ENGINES are may be classified according to
• Type of fuel used as (1)Petrol engine (2)Diesel engine (3)Gas engines (4)Bi-fuel engine
(two fuel engine)
• Nature of thermodynamic cycle as: (1)Otto cycle engine (2)Diesel engine cycle (3) Duel
or mixed cycle engine
• Number of stroke per cycle as :(1) Four stroke engine (2) Two stroke engine
• Method of ignition as : (1) Spark Ignition engines(Mixture of air and fuel is ignited by
electric spark)
2) Compression Ignition engines (The fuel is ignited as it comes in
contact with hot Compressed air)
: (1) Air cooled engines (2) Water cooled engines
: (1) Low speed engines (2) Medium speed engines (3) High
speed engines
:
• Method of
Cooling as
• Speed of the
engines as
• Number of
cylinder as
• Position of the
cylinder as :
(1) Single cylinder engines (2) Multi cylinder engines
(1) Inline engines (2) V-engines (3) Radial engines (4) Opposed
cylinder engines(4) Opposed piston engines
19. The four stroke petrol engines works on the principle of theoretical Otto cycle.
also known as constant volume cycle. shown in Fig below
In four stroke Petrol engine the vale operating for inlet is called inlet valve and
the valve operating for exhaust is called Exhaust valve. In Petrol engine
SPARK plug fitted at the top of cylinder head initiates the ignition of the air fuel
mixture.
The piston performs four strokes to complete one working cycle. The four
different strokes are ; (1) SUCTION STROKE (2) COMPRESSION STROKE
(3) POWER STROKE (4) EXHAUST STROKE.
22. The four stroke Diesel Engine works on the principle of Diesel Cycle , also called
CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION PROCESS shown in Fig.
The four stroke Diesel engine is also consists of SUCTION,
COMPRESSION,POWER and EXHAUST strokes.
The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is same as that of four
stroke petrol engine, except instead of spark plug, a fuel injector is mounted in its
place .
25. PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE
Works on Otto cycle . Works on Diesel Cycle .
Petrol is used as fuel . Diesel is used as fuel .
Air and fuel mixture enters in cylinder during suction stroke . Only Air is drawn during the suction stroke .
Low compression ratio ranging from 6 to 10 . High compression ratio ranging from14 to 20 .
The compressed charge is ignited by the spark plug. The fuel injector is used in Diesel engine.
High engine speed of about 3000 RPM . Low to medium engine speed ranging from 500 to 1500 RPM.
The Thermal efficiency is lower due to lower Compression ratio . The Thermal efficiency is higher due to high Compression ratio .
Lighter in weight because maximum pressure and Temperature is
less .
Heavier in Weight because maximum pressure and temperature is
high .
Less Costlier . More Costlier .
Maintanence cost is Less . Maintanence cost is Slightly higher .
Easier starting even in cold weather . Difficult to start in cold weather .
Running cost Higher because petrol is Costlier . Running cost is Less because diesel is Cheaper .
The basic differences between Petrol and Diesel Engine given below .
26. As the name itself implies, all the processes in two stroke cycle engine are
completed in two strokes. In four stroke engine cycle Two complete revolutions of
crank shaft is required for completing one cycle .In two stroke Engine cycle
Operations Suction , Compression , Expansion and Exhaust are completed in
One Complete revolution of the crank shaft in two stroke Engines. These engines
have one Power stroke per revolution of the crank shaft. In two stroke engines
there is two openings called PORTS are provided in place of valves of four stroke
engines. These Ports are opened and closed by Reciprocating Motion of the
Piston in the Cylinder. One port is known as INLET PORT and another port is
known as EXHAUST PORT .
27.
28.
29. FOUR STROKE ENGINE TWO STROKE ENGINE
Four piston strokes require to complete one cycle .
Two complete revolutions of crank shaft is required to complete one
cycle.
Equal to half of the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power
stroke/min. n=N/2
Power is developed in every alternate revolution of crank shaft .
The power is developed in every alternate revolution, hence heavy
fly wheel is required .
These engines are Heavier, larger and required more space.
The inlet and exhaust valve are require and they are operated by
valve operated by valve operating mechanism.
Lubricating oil consumption is less .
Thermal efficiency is higher .
Mechanical efficiency is Low because of more number of moving
parts .
These Engines are used basically in High Power Application Where
more space is available like Cars , Truck, Tractors , Buses etc .
Only two piston strokes required to complete one cycle .
Only one complete revolution of crank shaft is required to complete
one cycle .
Equal to the speed of engine crank shaft . Number of power
stroke/min. n=N
Power is also developed in every revolution of crank shaft hence for
same cylinder.
The power is developed in every revolution , hence lighter flywheel
is required .
These engine are lighter more compact and require less space.
In place of valve, ports are used which opens and close by motion
of piston itself.
Lubricating oil consumption is more because lubricating oil is mixed
with fuel
Less Thermal efficiency.
Mechanical efficiency is High because of less number of moving
parts .
These Engines are used basically in Low Power Application Where
less space is available like Mopeds ,Scooters ,Motor cycle etc .