The document discusses the physiology of labor, including theories of labor initiation and premonitory signs that labor is imminent. It describes the stages of uterine contractions that characterize true labor, cervical changes like effacement and dilation, and other signs like bloody show. Nursing considerations are outlined for events like rupture of membranes, including actions to take for problems like cord prolapse.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Hydatidiform Mole (HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD).
When a normal sperm cell fertilizes one of these oocytes, the resulting embryo has only one set of chromosomes. Because the embryo has no genes from the mother, the pregnancy cannot develop normally, resulting in a hydatidiform mole.
It explains the mechanism of normal labour to medical and para-medical staff.It also puts light on principle movements underlying mechanism of normal labour with pictures.Thank You Like an share it to the maximum.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
This presentation includes all the events , its sign and symptoms about IOL as well as management of women in the first stage of labor and how to assess the women in labor with the help of partograph.
NORMAL LABOR.. (EUTOCIA) ABNORMAL LABOR ALSO EXPLAINED. Series of events that take place in the genital organs in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called LABOR.
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
Pathophysiology of Normal Labor:
A series of events that take place in female genital organs to expel the product of conception that are fetus, placenta, membranes) out of womb through the vagina into the outer world. We further describe pathogenesis and features of different stages of labor
Pathophysiology of Normal Labour by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Normal Labour . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Normal labor usually begins within 2 weeks (before or after) the estimated delivery date. In a first pregnancy, labor usually lasts 12 to 18 hours on average; subsequent labors are often shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours. Management of complications during labor requires additional measures (eg, induction of labor.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Physiology of labor
1.
2. The Physiology of Labor Prepared by: Sarah Jane Racal, RN,MAN Christian University of Thailand
3. Theories of Labor Uterine Stretch theory -a hollow organ when stretched to capacity contract and empty. Oxytocin theory- production of oxtytocin from posterior pituitary gland----contraction of the uterus. Progesterone Deprivation theory-progesterone inhibit uterine motility. A decrease in progesterone----uterine contraction.
4. Theories of Labor 4. Prostaglandin Theory- increase prostaglandin synthesis---uterine contraction. 5. Theory of aging placenta- decrease in blood supply to the placenta----uterine contraction.
5. Premonitory Signs of Labor Lightening Braxton Hick’s Contractions Sudden burst of maternal energy/activity. Slight decrease in maternal weight Softening “ripening” of the cervix Rupture in the membranes “BOW” Show
6. Premonitory Signs of Labor Lightening This is the descent/setting of the presenting part into the pelvic inlet which happens 10-14 days before labor in primigravida and 1 daybefore labor in a multipara. And when the largest diameter of the presenting part passes the pelvic inlet, the head is said to be engaged. However, lightening is heralded by the following signs: Relief of dyspnea Relief of abdominal tightness
7. Premonitory signs of labor Lightening Increased frequency of voiding Increased amount of vaginal discharge Increased lordosis as the fetus enters the pelvis and falls further forward Increased varicosities Shooting pains down the legs because of pressure on the sciatic nerve
8. Premonitory signs of labor 2. Braxton Hick’s Contractions-In the last week or days before labor. These are false labor contractions, painless,irregular,abdominaland relieved by walking, and are also known as practice contractions
9. Premonitory Signs of Labor 3. A sudden burst of maternal energy/activity because of hormone epinephrine. This is meant to prepare the body for the “labor” ahead
10. Premonitory Signs of Labor 4. Slight decrease is maternal weight. Loss of weight is about 2-3 lbs. One to two days before the onset of labor because of the decrease in progesterone level and probably loss of appetite.
13. Remember : only 5 minutes of umbilical cord compression can already lead to CNS damage and even death.- Apply a warm saline saturated OS on the cord to prevent drying of the cord.
14. Premonitory Signs of Labor Show Sudden gush of blood (pinkish vaginal discharge) Nursing Implication: Assess for the color of vaginal discharge * Greenish- meconium stained * Bright Red- vaginal bleeding
15. Signs of True Labor Uterine Contractions The surest sign that labor has begun is the initiation of effective, productive, involuntary uterine contractions. There are 3 phases of uterine contractions: Increment/Crescendo –intensity of the contraction increases Apex/Acme –the height or peak of the contraction Decrement/Decrescendo –intensity of the contraction decreases
16. Signs of True Labor Characteristics of contractions: Frequency of contraction – this is timed from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next. Duration of contraction – this is timed from the moment the uterus first begins to tighten until it relaxes again. Intensity of contraction – it may be mild, moderate or strong at its acme.
17. Mild contraction– the uterine muscle becomes somewhat tense, but can be indented with gentle pressure. Moderate contraction– the uterus becomes moderately firm and a firmer pressure is needed to indent. Strong contraction– the uterus becomes so firm that it has the feel of wood like hardness, and at the height of the contraction, the uterus cannot be indented when pressure is applied by the examiner’s hand.
18. 2. Uterine Changes As labor contractions progress, the uterus is gradually differentiated into two distinct portions. These are distinguished by a ridge formed in the inner uterine surface, the physiologic retraction ring. Upper uterine segment– this portion becomes thicker andactive, preparing it to exert the strength necessary to expelthe fetus during the expulsion phase. Lower uterine segment– this portion becomes thin-walled,supple, and passive so that the fetus can be pushed cut of theuterus easily. Contour of the uterus changes from a round ovoid to astructure markedly elongated in a vertical diameter thanhorizontally. This serves to straighten the body of the fetusand place it in better alignment to the cervix and pelvis.
19. 3. Cervical Changes There are 2 changes that occur in the cervix Effacement – This is the shortening and thinning of the cervical canal to paper thin edges. To primiparas, effacement is accomplished before dilatation begins while with multiparas, dilatation may proceed before effacement is complete. Dilatation – This refers to the enlargement of the cervical canal from an opening a few millimeters wide to one large enough (approx. 10 cm) to permit passage of the fetus.
20. Dilatation occurs for two reasons: First, uterine contractions gradually increase the diameter of the cervical canal lumen by pulling the cervix up over the presenting part of the fetus. Second, the fluid-filled membranes press against the cervix.
21. .4. Show This is the blood-tinged mucus discharged from the vagina because of pressure of the descending fetal part on the cervical capillaries causing their rupture. Capillary blood mixes mucus when operculum is released.
22. 5. Rupture of the membrane of bag of waters This is a sudden gush or a scanty slow seeping of amniotic fluid from the vagina. The color of the amniotic fluid should always be noted. At term, this is clear, almost colorless and contains white specks of vernixcaseosa. Green staining means it has been contaminated with meconium. Yellow staining may mean blood incompatibility while pink staining may indicate bleeding.
23. Once membranes have ruptured, labor is inevitable, meaning to say that uterine contractions will occur within next 24 hours. The initial nursing actions for patients with ruptured membranes are: Notify physician Lie patient to bed to ensure that the fetus is not impinging on the cord. Check the fetal heart rate to determine for fetal distress.
24. If the patient claims she can feel a loop of the cord coming out of her vagina (umbilical cord prolapsed), lower the head of the bed (Trendelenberg position) in order to release pressure on the cord. Also apply sterile, saline-saturated gauze to prevent drying of the cord, if needed. If labor does not occur spontaneously at the end of 24 hours after membrane rupture, it will be induced ,provided the woman is estimated to be at term.
25. Signs of True Labor Uterine contractions Effacement/Dilatation In primis, effacement occurs before dilatation (ED) In multis- dilatation proceeds effacement ( DE)
26. False Vs. True Labor Parameters for comparison: Regularity Location Changes in contractions Absence/presence of contractions during activity. Cervical Changes