This presentation contains :-
1.Introduction of normal labour
2. Definiation of normal labour
3.Criteria of normal labour
4. Physiology of normal labour
5. Pathophysiology of labor
6.Estrogen
7. Prostaglandin
8. Oxytocin
9. True labor and false labor difference
10. Uterine contraction in labor
11. Stages of labour
12. Management of 1 st stage
13. management of 2 nd stage
14. mamagement of 3 rd stage of labor
15. Cervix dilation
16. Friedman's curve
17. Fetal skull
18. Diameter of fetal skull
19. Sutures in fetal head
20. Moulding
21. Mechanism of labour
physiology and management of third stage of labourPRANATI PATRA
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
physiology and management of third stage of labour-introduction
labour
stages of labor
physiology
management of third stage of labour.
The document discusses the management of the third stage of labour, which begins with the birth of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta. It describes the phases of placental separation, descent, and expulsion. It discusses expectant versus active management and the nursing care involved in each approach. The nursing diagnosis identifies risks for fluid deficit, lack of preparation for sensations, and energy expenditure from childbirth efforts. Nursing interventions include monitoring for signs of separation and bleeding, providing education and rest opportunities.
This document provides information on the stages of labor and management of the first stage of labor. It discusses the normal progression through the latent, active, and transition phases of the first stage. It also covers monitoring during labor including vital signs, contractions, and fetal heart rate. Active management of labor is described which includes interventions like amniotomy and oxytocin if progress is unsatisfactory. The nurse's role in caring for the woman in the first stage is also summarized.
The document discusses uterine contractions during labor and delivery. It defines the normal frequency and intensity of contractions. It describes two pacemakers in the uterus that generate contractions and the normal basal tone and peak pressure of contractions. It then discusses different abnormalities that can occur with contractions, including abnormal polarity, hypertonic dysfunction, precipitate labor in the absence of obstruction, tonic contractions and Bandl's ring in the presence of obstruction, hypotonic dysfunction/uterine inertia, contraction rings, and cervical dystocia. It provides details on each abnormality, their causes, and methods of management.
This presentation discusses prolonged labor, which occurs when labor lasts over 20 hours for first-time mothers or 14 hours for women who have given birth before. Prolonged labor can happen in the latent or active phases of the first stage, or the second stage. Causes include problems with uterine contractions, the birth canal, or the baby. Prolonged labor can endanger the baby through hypoxia or infection and endanger the mother through hemorrhage, trauma, or infection. Management involves identifying the cause, monitoring for effects, and treating any issues through techniques like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, pain relief, or cesarean delivery if needed to deliver the baby safely.
This document summarizes information about intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It discusses normal fetal growth occurring in three stages: hyperplasia, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and hypertrophy. Causes of IUGR include maternal, fetal, placental, and environmental factors. Maternal causes include medical conditions, malnutrition, smoking, and infections. Fetal causes include genetic abnormalities and infections. Placental causes include improper placentation and reduced blood flow. Clinical features of IUGR infants include a large head, thin skin, and scaphoid abdomen. Risk prediction methods include ultrasound and Doppler. Problems for IUGR infants include hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and immunological and metabolic issues. Management
A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled from the uterus within 30 minutes of childbirth. Risk factors include previous retained placentas, uterine injuries or surgeries, preterm births, induced labor, and multiple pregnancies. Causes can include failure of the placenta to separate fully from the uterine wall or abnormal placenta attachments like placenta accreta. Treatment involves controlled cord traction, manual removal in the operating room if needed, or hysterectomy for deeply embedded placentas. Complications can be life-threatening bleeding, infections, or shock if not properly managed.
physiology and management of third stage of labourPRANATI PATRA
OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING
physiology and management of third stage of labour-introduction
labour
stages of labor
physiology
management of third stage of labour.
The document discusses the management of the third stage of labour, which begins with the birth of the baby and ends with delivery of the placenta. It describes the phases of placental separation, descent, and expulsion. It discusses expectant versus active management and the nursing care involved in each approach. The nursing diagnosis identifies risks for fluid deficit, lack of preparation for sensations, and energy expenditure from childbirth efforts. Nursing interventions include monitoring for signs of separation and bleeding, providing education and rest opportunities.
This document provides information on the stages of labor and management of the first stage of labor. It discusses the normal progression through the latent, active, and transition phases of the first stage. It also covers monitoring during labor including vital signs, contractions, and fetal heart rate. Active management of labor is described which includes interventions like amniotomy and oxytocin if progress is unsatisfactory. The nurse's role in caring for the woman in the first stage is also summarized.
The document discusses uterine contractions during labor and delivery. It defines the normal frequency and intensity of contractions. It describes two pacemakers in the uterus that generate contractions and the normal basal tone and peak pressure of contractions. It then discusses different abnormalities that can occur with contractions, including abnormal polarity, hypertonic dysfunction, precipitate labor in the absence of obstruction, tonic contractions and Bandl's ring in the presence of obstruction, hypotonic dysfunction/uterine inertia, contraction rings, and cervical dystocia. It provides details on each abnormality, their causes, and methods of management.
This presentation discusses prolonged labor, which occurs when labor lasts over 20 hours for first-time mothers or 14 hours for women who have given birth before. Prolonged labor can happen in the latent or active phases of the first stage, or the second stage. Causes include problems with uterine contractions, the birth canal, or the baby. Prolonged labor can endanger the baby through hypoxia or infection and endanger the mother through hemorrhage, trauma, or infection. Management involves identifying the cause, monitoring for effects, and treating any issues through techniques like amniotomy, oxytocin infusion, pain relief, or cesarean delivery if needed to deliver the baby safely.
This document summarizes information about intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It discusses normal fetal growth occurring in three stages: hyperplasia, hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and hypertrophy. Causes of IUGR include maternal, fetal, placental, and environmental factors. Maternal causes include medical conditions, malnutrition, smoking, and infections. Fetal causes include genetic abnormalities and infections. Placental causes include improper placentation and reduced blood flow. Clinical features of IUGR infants include a large head, thin skin, and scaphoid abdomen. Risk prediction methods include ultrasound and Doppler. Problems for IUGR infants include hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and immunological and metabolic issues. Management
A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled from the uterus within 30 minutes of childbirth. Risk factors include previous retained placentas, uterine injuries or surgeries, preterm births, induced labor, and multiple pregnancies. Causes can include failure of the placenta to separate fully from the uterine wall or abnormal placenta attachments like placenta accreta. Treatment involves controlled cord traction, manual removal in the operating room if needed, or hysterectomy for deeply embedded placentas. Complications can be life-threatening bleeding, infections, or shock if not properly managed.
This document discusses various types of abnormal uterine contractions that can occur during labor. It defines disordered uterine action as any deviation from normal uterine contraction patterns during labor. The types discussed include uterine inertia, precipitate labor, tonic uterine contractions/retraction, spastic lower segment, cervical dystocia, constriction ring, and generalized tonic contraction. For each type, the document describes the definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses the first stage of labor and its management. The main events of the first stage are dilatation of the cervix and effacement of the cervix. It describes the processes involved like softening and thinning of the cervix. Management of the first stage focuses on monitoring the mother and fetus, providing comfort, and assessing progress. Complications that may arise include maternal distress, fetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion, and prolonged labor.
This document defines and classifies uterine abnormalities, or mullerian duct anomalies. It describes 7 classes of anomalies resulting from abnormal development of the mullerian ducts during embryogenesis. Class 1 involves complete or partial mullerian agenesis. Classes 2 through 5 involve various degrees of failure of the mullerian ducts to fully fuse, resulting in anomalies like a unicornuate, didelphys, bicornuate, or septate uterus. Class 6 is an arcuate uterus and Class 7 involves DES exposure in utero causing a T-shaped uterus. Symptoms may include pain or infertility. Diagnosis involves imaging tests. Treatment depends on symptoms but may involve surgery to correct the anomaly
it contains a presentation on injuries that occur during baby birth
summary:
Maternal injuries following childbirth process are quite common.
VULVA
PERINEUM
RISK FACTORS FOR THIRD DEGREE PERINEL TEAR
REPAIR OF COMPLETE PERINEAL TEAR
VAGINA
CERVIX
PELVIC HEMATOMA
DIAGNOSIS OF RUPTURE UTERUS
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
This document discusses various abnormalities that can occur in the placenta and umbilical cord, including abnormalities in size, shape, insertion site and blood flow. It describes conditions like placenta previa, circumvallate placenta, succenturiate lobe, velamentous cord insertion and true/false knots that can impact fetal and maternal health. Diagnosis and management of these abnormalities is discussed.
Induction, augmentation and trial of laborNisha Ghimire
The document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, methods, and indications. It describes the three main methods of induction - medical, surgical, and combined. The medical method involves prostaglandins like misoprostol and oxytocin to induce contractions. The surgical method is artificial rupture of membranes. The combined method uses both medical induction and rupture of membranes. Some common indications for induction include post-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Risks of induction include uterine hyperstimulation and failed induction requiring c-section. Strict monitoring is important during any induction procedure.
Labour is the process by which the fetus and placenta are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal. It involves involuntary uterine contractions that cause effacement and dilation of the cervix, allowing the fetus to descend and be delivered. Normal labour has three stages - the first stage involves cervical dilation, the second stage is expulsion of the fetus, and the third stage is expulsion of the placenta. Multiple factors influence the progress of labour, including the size and position of the fetus, strength of uterine contractions, and psychological state of the mother.
Labour is initiated by various biochemical and physiological changes that occur in late pregnancy. These include increased production of uterotonins like oxytocin, prostaglandins, and CRH by the fetus and placenta. There is also a withdrawal of progesterone's inhibitory effects and an increase in oxytocin receptors in the uterus. Together, these changes make the uterus more sensitive and responsive to contractions. The cervix simultaneously undergoes ripening, becoming softer, shorter, and more dilated in preparation for labour and delivery.
Abnormalities of placenta and cord obgjagan _jaggi
Has a velamentous insertion of the cord (the umbilical cord inserts abnormally into the fetal membranes, instead of the center of the placenta) Has placenta previa (a low-lying placenta that covers part or all of the cervix) or certain other placental abnormalities.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, which occur in 1-2% of pregnancies and involve the development of more than one fetus in the uterus simultaneously. It defines monozygotic and dizygotic twins, their characteristics and differences. It also covers the incidence, etiology, diagnosis, complications and management of multiple pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies can lead to higher risks for both mother and fetuses, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and medical interventions during delivery. Careful antenatal monitoring and management is important to help prolong the pregnancy and improve outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy presented by Nidhi Maurya. It begins with objectives to define pregnancy and explain signs and symptoms in each trimester. Common early signs include missed period, nausea, frequent urination and breast changes. Objective signs assessed include uterine size and fetal heart sound detectable after 18 weeks. Signs in the second trimester include quickening and skin changes. Third trimester brings prominent fetal movement and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height increases throughout pregnancy.
“Difficulty encountered in the delivery of the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head.”
Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with the incidence of 0.15% to 2%.
An increase in the incidence of shoulder dystocia has been recorded over the last 20 years. Incidence appears to be increasing as birth weights increase.
006 management of the third stage of laborHummd Mdhum
The third stage of labor involves the period from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta. It normally takes 5-10 minutes and is divided into four phases: latent phase, contraction phase, detachment phase, and expulsion phase. The major risk is postpartum hemorrhage. Active management, including a uterotonic drug before delivery of the placenta and controlled cord traction, reduces blood loss and risk of retained placenta compared to expectant management. Complete placental separation is confirmed when the cord stops pulsing and cannot be pulled into the uterus.
The document summarizes the management of the second stage of labor. It describes:
1) Events that occur in the second stage, including full dilation of the cervix, rupture of membranes, and stronger uterine contractions that help push the baby down the birth canal.
2) General measures taken during the second stage like monitoring the patient and preparing for delivery by cleaning the perineal area.
3) The process of delivery, including maintaining flexion of the baby's head during crowning, performing an episiotomy if needed, and regulating the slow delivery of the head and shoulders before delivering the trunk.
4) Clamping and cutting the umbilical cord after full delivery.
This document defines and provides examples of placental abnormalities and umbilical cord abnormalities. It defines placental abnormalities as marked anatomical, physiological, and abnormal implantations of the placenta that can lead to serious placental-maternal fetal effects. Examples provided include bilobular placenta, succenturiate placenta, and placenta accreta/increta/percreta. It also defines cord abnormalities as marked variations of the umbilical cord involving abnormal lengths, occlusion, etc. that can disturb feto-placental circulation. Examples given include battledore insertion, velamentous insertion, abnormal cord lengths, single umbilical artery, cord knots, nuchal cord
Obstructed labor occurs when the fetus is unable to descend through the birth canal due to an obstruction, despite strong uterine contractions. It remains an important cause of maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Risk factors include cephalopelvic disproportion, abnormal fetal position or size, or issues with the mother's pelvis. Management involves early detection using a partograph, and definitive relief of obstruction through procedures like vacuum extraction or caesarean section to deliver the baby safely. Complications for both mother and baby can be severe without timely intervention.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
a detail study on normal labour ( definition, stages of labour, management ,p...martinshaji
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines normal birth as follows: The birth is spontaneous in onset and low risk at the start of labor and remains so throughout labor and delivery. The infant is born spontaneously in the vertex position between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy. this is study on detailed study on physiology and stages of normal labour .
please comment
thank u
This document discusses various types of abnormal uterine contractions that can occur during labor. It defines disordered uterine action as any deviation from normal uterine contraction patterns during labor. The types discussed include uterine inertia, precipitate labor, tonic uterine contractions/retraction, spastic lower segment, cervical dystocia, constriction ring, and generalized tonic contraction. For each type, the document describes the definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses the first stage of labor and its management. The main events of the first stage are dilatation of the cervix and effacement of the cervix. It describes the processes involved like softening and thinning of the cervix. Management of the first stage focuses on monitoring the mother and fetus, providing comfort, and assessing progress. Complications that may arise include maternal distress, fetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion, and prolonged labor.
This document defines and classifies uterine abnormalities, or mullerian duct anomalies. It describes 7 classes of anomalies resulting from abnormal development of the mullerian ducts during embryogenesis. Class 1 involves complete or partial mullerian agenesis. Classes 2 through 5 involve various degrees of failure of the mullerian ducts to fully fuse, resulting in anomalies like a unicornuate, didelphys, bicornuate, or septate uterus. Class 6 is an arcuate uterus and Class 7 involves DES exposure in utero causing a T-shaped uterus. Symptoms may include pain or infertility. Diagnosis involves imaging tests. Treatment depends on symptoms but may involve surgery to correct the anomaly
it contains a presentation on injuries that occur during baby birth
summary:
Maternal injuries following childbirth process are quite common.
VULVA
PERINEUM
RISK FACTORS FOR THIRD DEGREE PERINEL TEAR
REPAIR OF COMPLETE PERINEAL TEAR
VAGINA
CERVIX
PELVIC HEMATOMA
DIAGNOSIS OF RUPTURE UTERUS
The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is completely dilated (open), and ends with the birth of your baby. Contractions push the baby down the birth canal, and you may feel intense pressure, similar to an urge to have a bowel movement. Your health care provider may ask you to push with each contraction.
This document discusses various abnormalities that can occur in the placenta and umbilical cord, including abnormalities in size, shape, insertion site and blood flow. It describes conditions like placenta previa, circumvallate placenta, succenturiate lobe, velamentous cord insertion and true/false knots that can impact fetal and maternal health. Diagnosis and management of these abnormalities is discussed.
Induction, augmentation and trial of laborNisha Ghimire
The document discusses induction of labor, including definitions, methods, and indications. It describes the three main methods of induction - medical, surgical, and combined. The medical method involves prostaglandins like misoprostol and oxytocin to induce contractions. The surgical method is artificial rupture of membranes. The combined method uses both medical induction and rupture of membranes. Some common indications for induction include post-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. Risks of induction include uterine hyperstimulation and failed induction requiring c-section. Strict monitoring is important during any induction procedure.
Labour is the process by which the fetus and placenta are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal. It involves involuntary uterine contractions that cause effacement and dilation of the cervix, allowing the fetus to descend and be delivered. Normal labour has three stages - the first stage involves cervical dilation, the second stage is expulsion of the fetus, and the third stage is expulsion of the placenta. Multiple factors influence the progress of labour, including the size and position of the fetus, strength of uterine contractions, and psychological state of the mother.
Labour is initiated by various biochemical and physiological changes that occur in late pregnancy. These include increased production of uterotonins like oxytocin, prostaglandins, and CRH by the fetus and placenta. There is also a withdrawal of progesterone's inhibitory effects and an increase in oxytocin receptors in the uterus. Together, these changes make the uterus more sensitive and responsive to contractions. The cervix simultaneously undergoes ripening, becoming softer, shorter, and more dilated in preparation for labour and delivery.
Abnormalities of placenta and cord obgjagan _jaggi
Has a velamentous insertion of the cord (the umbilical cord inserts abnormally into the fetal membranes, instead of the center of the placenta) Has placenta previa (a low-lying placenta that covers part or all of the cervix) or certain other placental abnormalities.
Puerperium is the period following childbirth during which the body tissues, specially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to the pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. puerperium begins as soon as the placenta is expelled and lasts for approximately 6 weeks when the uterus becomes regressed almost to the non-pregnant size.
Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document discusses multiple pregnancies, which occur in 1-2% of pregnancies and involve the development of more than one fetus in the uterus simultaneously. It defines monozygotic and dizygotic twins, their characteristics and differences. It also covers the incidence, etiology, diagnosis, complications and management of multiple pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies can lead to higher risks for both mother and fetuses, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and medical interventions during delivery. Careful antenatal monitoring and management is important to help prolong the pregnancy and improve outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of pregnancy presented by Nidhi Maurya. It begins with objectives to define pregnancy and explain signs and symptoms in each trimester. Common early signs include missed period, nausea, frequent urination and breast changes. Objective signs assessed include uterine size and fetal heart sound detectable after 18 weeks. Signs in the second trimester include quickening and skin changes. Third trimester brings prominent fetal movement and engagement of the presenting part. Fundal height increases throughout pregnancy.
“Difficulty encountered in the delivery of the fetal shoulders after delivery of the head.”
Shoulder dystocia is an unpredictable obstetric complication with the incidence of 0.15% to 2%.
An increase in the incidence of shoulder dystocia has been recorded over the last 20 years. Incidence appears to be increasing as birth weights increase.
006 management of the third stage of laborHummd Mdhum
The third stage of labor involves the period from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta. It normally takes 5-10 minutes and is divided into four phases: latent phase, contraction phase, detachment phase, and expulsion phase. The major risk is postpartum hemorrhage. Active management, including a uterotonic drug before delivery of the placenta and controlled cord traction, reduces blood loss and risk of retained placenta compared to expectant management. Complete placental separation is confirmed when the cord stops pulsing and cannot be pulled into the uterus.
The document summarizes the management of the second stage of labor. It describes:
1) Events that occur in the second stage, including full dilation of the cervix, rupture of membranes, and stronger uterine contractions that help push the baby down the birth canal.
2) General measures taken during the second stage like monitoring the patient and preparing for delivery by cleaning the perineal area.
3) The process of delivery, including maintaining flexion of the baby's head during crowning, performing an episiotomy if needed, and regulating the slow delivery of the head and shoulders before delivering the trunk.
4) Clamping and cutting the umbilical cord after full delivery.
This document defines and provides examples of placental abnormalities and umbilical cord abnormalities. It defines placental abnormalities as marked anatomical, physiological, and abnormal implantations of the placenta that can lead to serious placental-maternal fetal effects. Examples provided include bilobular placenta, succenturiate placenta, and placenta accreta/increta/percreta. It also defines cord abnormalities as marked variations of the umbilical cord involving abnormal lengths, occlusion, etc. that can disturb feto-placental circulation. Examples given include battledore insertion, velamentous insertion, abnormal cord lengths, single umbilical artery, cord knots, nuchal cord
Obstructed labor occurs when the fetus is unable to descend through the birth canal due to an obstruction, despite strong uterine contractions. It remains an important cause of maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Risk factors include cephalopelvic disproportion, abnormal fetal position or size, or issues with the mother's pelvis. Management involves early detection using a partograph, and definitive relief of obstruction through procedures like vacuum extraction or caesarean section to deliver the baby safely. Complications for both mother and baby can be severe without timely intervention.
physiology of labor includes the contraction and retraction of the muscles of uterus. I hope this presentation will help the persons of concerned subject.
a detail study on normal labour ( definition, stages of labour, management ,p...martinshaji
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines normal birth as follows: The birth is spontaneous in onset and low risk at the start of labor and remains so throughout labor and delivery. The infant is born spontaneously in the vertex position between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy. this is study on detailed study on physiology and stages of normal labour .
please comment
thank u
Pathophysiology of Normal Labour by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Normal Labour . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
The document defines labor as the series of events involving the expulsion of the fetus, placenta, and membranes from the uterus through the vagina. It describes the three stages of labor and the normal physiological changes that occur in each stage, including cervical dilation, fetal descent, and uterine contractions. Key points are provided on the engagement and descent of the fetal head through the birth canal, as well as the rotation, flexion, and extension movements involved in the normal birthing mechanism when the fetus is in the vertex position.
Labor is defined as the process of expelling the fetus from the uterus through contractions of the uterus and cervix. It has four stages: 1) cervical dilation and effacement, 2) delivery of the fetus, 3) delivery of the placenta, 4) observation of the mother and baby. The first stage involves regular contractions that thin and open the cervix. The second stage involves pushing the baby through the birth canal in two phases. The third stage involves delivering the placenta, and the fourth involves post-delivery monitoring.
Pathophysiology of Normal Labor:
A series of events that take place in female genital organs to expel the product of conception that are fetus, placenta, membranes) out of womb through the vagina into the outer world. We further describe pathogenesis and features of different stages of labor
This document defines and describes the physiology of normal labor. Normal labor is defined as spontaneous onset between 37-40 weeks of gestation, with a vertex baby presentation, no complications, and natural termination with minimal aid. The physiology involves two steps - uterine contractions and retraction. Contractions temporarily harden and shorten the uterus, becoming stronger over time. Retraction permanently shortens uterine muscles to facilitate dilation, delivery, and postpartum hemostasis.
Normal labour and physiology of normal labourJasleen Kaur
This topic will make easy to understand normal labour and physiology behind normal labour to all medical students..Hopefully it would be beneficial to all dear students..
This document describes the four phases of parturition: quiescence, activation, stimulation, and involution. It discusses the factors that influence each phase such as hormones and uterine activity. There are three stages of labor: first stage involves cervical dilation, second stage is delivery of the baby, and third stage involves placental separation and expulsion. The document provides details on the characteristics of uterine contractions during labor, cervical dilation, formation of the lower uterine segment, and mechanisms of placental separation and hemostasis after delivery.
Labour is defined as the process of expelling the products of conception from the uterus through the vagina. Normal labour meets specific criteria including spontaneous onset at term, vertex presentation, natural termination with minimal assistance, and no complications. Abnormal labour deviates from these criteria and risks maternal and fetal health. Labour is initiated by various mechanical, hormonal and neurological factors that trigger uterine contractions and cervical changes over time, eventually resulting in delivery.
Series of events that takes place in the genital organ in an effort to expel the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called labour.
there are four stages of labour.
The first stage of normal labour involves gradually increasing uterine contractions that cause dilation of the cervix from 0-10cm over time. It is divided into latent, active, and transition phases. Nursing management in this stage includes emotional support, encouraging rest and ambulation, monitoring diet and bladder, assessing cervical dilation and fetal heart rate, administering pain relief as needed, and using a partograph to track labour progress. The goal is to support the natural physiological process through this first stage until full cervical dilation is achieved.
Childbirth, labour, delivery, birth, partus, or parturition is the culmination of a pregnancy period with the expulsion of one or more newborn infants from a woman's uterus. The process of normal childbirth is categorized in three stages of labour: the shortening and dilation of the cervix, descent and birth of the infant, and birth of the placenta.
The document summarizes the stages of labour. It describes the four stages as: first stage from onset of labour pains until full cervical dilation; second stage from full dilation until baby's delivery; third stage from delivery until placenta delivery; and fourth stage the observation period after placenta delivery. It provides details on the events, phases, and management of each stage. Complications that can occur in each stage are also mentioned. Defining the stages has allowed studying labour trends and identifying abnormal labour.
The document defines labor as the process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through the vagina. Labor is considered normal when a full-term fetus in the vertex position is delivered within 24 hours through natural efforts alone. Key factors that contribute to the initiation of labor include uterine distension from fetal and amniotic fluid growth, fetal and placental hormones like estrogen and prostaglandins, uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin, and neurological signals. The mechanism of uterine contractions involves calcium, myosin, actin, and other proteins. Retraction of the uterine muscles is also an important component of labor.
Normal labor and delivery is defined as the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications to the mother or fetus. Labor involves 3 stages - the first stage is cervical dilation, the second stage is baby's descent and birth, and the third stage involves delivery of the placenta. Uterine contractions increase in frequency and strength during the first stage to dilate the cervix by 1 cm per hour. The fetal head engages and descends through the birth canal during the second stage before birth. The third stage sees delivery of the placenta within 30 minutes.
Normal physiology of labour and delivery .pptxEndex Tam
Normal labour involves 3 stages - first stage of cervical dilation, second stage of baby's descent and birth, and third stage of placenta delivery. The first stage consists of latent and active phases, and progress is monitored using a partogram. Uterine contractions, cervical changes, and fetal positioning occur during the first stage to facilitate delivery, while maintaining the health and safety of the mother and baby is the primary aim in labour management.
The document discusses the causes and onset of normal labor. It defines normal labor as spontaneous in onset, low-risk, and resulting in the spontaneous vaginal delivery of a full-term infant in the vertex position. The onset of normal labor involves lightening, cervical changes, and false pains in the prelabor stage. True labor begins with the show, true labor pains characterized by regular contractions, cervical dilation and effacement, and formation of the bag of waters. The four phases of parturition involve quiescence, activation, stimulation, and involution, influenced by different hormones at each stage.
Normal labor is defined as spontaneous in onset, low-risk throughout, and results in spontaneous vaginal delivery of a single infant between 37 and 42 weeks. It involves three stages: early labor with cervical changes and contractions; active labor of stronger contractions and cervical dilation; and delivery of the infant. The causes and mechanisms of normal labor involve hormonal changes, cervical ripening, uterine contractions, and fetal descent that work together to initiate and progress labor.
The document discusses urinary diversion procedures which surgically reroute urine flow out of the body when the normal flow is blocked, including temporary procedures like urinary catheterization and nephrostomy tubes which drain urine until the blockage is treated, as well as permanent diversions that require creating a stoma or internal reservoir to reroute urine to an external pouch. It also provides instructions for caring for urinary diversions by checking the dressing, skin, and urine color and flow through the tubing.
Machinery Equipment and Linen Unit 9 of FON Atul Yadav
This document discusses machinery, equipment and linen. It appears to be a presentation on these topics presented by Atul Yadv, who is identified as an RN and RM. The document focuses on different types of machinery, equipment and linen used in a healthcare setting.
This document discusses lipids and fats. It defines fats and classifies them as simple, compound, or derived lipids. Fats can also be classified by their fatty acid composition as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. The document outlines the daily recommended intake of fats and their main sources. It describes the digestion, absorption, metabolism and functions of fats, as well as deficiencies from too little or too much fat. Cholesterol is also discussed.
The document defines carbohydrates and classifies them as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It discusses the daily requirement of carbohydrates, their main sources, and functions like providing energy, sparing protein, and aiding mineral absorption. It describes the digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes into simpler sugars, their absorption and metabolism. Deficiencies can cause ketosis while overconsumption may lead to dental caries, heart disease, obesity, and intestinal irritation.
This document discusses the role of nutrition in nursing. It begins with definitions of key nutrition terms and explores how nutrition impacts health through growth, infection resistance, and disease. Specific nutritional problems in India like protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, and goiter are also examined. The document emphasizes the important role nurses play in nutritional assessment, education, and developing therapeutic diets to maintain and promote patient health.
This presentation contains :-
1.Levels of health care
2. Concepts of prevention
3. Level of prevention
4. Primary prevention
5. Health promotion
6. Specific protection
7. Secondary prevention
8. Tertiary prevention
9. Summary of referral system
10. Triage system
11. Reference slip
12. Referral system in India
13. Definition of referral system
14. System of referral
15. Chain of referral
16. Purpose of referral
17. Requirement for effective referral system
18. The referral units of PHC system need
19. The referral hospital at secondary and tertiary level need
20. Selection of referral case
21. Cases requiring immediate care
22. Referral form
23. Advantages of referral case
24. Key points to effective referral system
25. Nursing role in referral system
Family health care settings home visit (Unit - VI)Atul Yadav
This presentation contains :-
1. Introduction to home visit
2. Definition of home visit
3. Purpose of home visit
4. Principle of home visiting
5. Purpose of home visiting
6. Advantage of home visiting
7. Planning and evaluation of home visiting
8. Bag technique
9. Community bag
10. Clinics in community
11. Health guides
12. Function of health guides
13. Trained dais
14. Function of trained dais
15. Anganwadi worker
16. Sub center
17. Function of sub-center
18. Primary health center
19. Function of primary health center
20. Community health centers
21. Function of community health center
This presentation is for community health nursing records and reports :-
1. Definition of record and report
2. Introduction to record and report
3. Uses of record
4. Uses of records in community health nursing
5. Types of records
6. Essential requirements of records
7. Cumulative records
8. Design of cards
9.
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This presentation includes :-
1. Degrees of freedom of a rigid body in a 2D plane
2. Degrees of freedom of a rigid body in a 3D plane
3. Kinematic chain
4. Non-kinematic chain
5. Redundant chain
6. Grubler's criteria
This presentation contains :-
1. Introduction to primary health care
2. alma-ata conference
3. Definition of primary health care
4. Elements of primary health care
5. Principal of primary health care
6.Role of nurse in primary health care
This presentation contains :-
1.Health promotion and maintenance
2. Introduction to health promotion and maintenance
3. Definition of health promotion
4. To promote health concepts
5. Proper nutrition
6. Healthy environment
7. Good health habits
8. Health examination and screening
9. Early diagnosis and treatment
10. Accidents
11. Immunization
12. Health education
13. Socio economic factors that affect health
14. Records in health promotion
This presentation contains :-
1. Concepts of health
2. Definition of health
3. Philosophy of health
4. Dimension of health
5. Determinants of health
6. Indicators of health
This presentation contains ;-
1. Introduction of research
2. Meaning of research
3. Definition of research
4. Need of nursing research
5. Methods of acquiring knowledge
6. Problem solving method
7. Scientific method
8. Steps of scientific methods
9. Characteristics of good research
10. Qualities of a good researcher
11. Ethics in nursing research
12. Informed consent
13. Types of research
14. Quantitative research
15. Qualitative research
16. Mixed method of research
17. Research based on purpose
18. Purpose based research
19. Applied research
20. Research process
21. Steps of quantitative research process
22. Conceptual frame work
23. Formulating research problem
24. Determining study objectives
25. Review of literature
26. Developing conceptual framework
27. Formulating hypothesis
28. Design and planning phase
29. Research approach or research design
30. Specify population
31. sampling
32. Developing tool for data collection
33. Establishing ethical consideration
34. Conducting the pilot study
35. Pilot study
36. Empirical phase
37. Sample selection
38. Data collection
39. Preparing for data analysis
40. Analytic phase
41. Dissemination phase
42. Steps in qualitative research process
43. Role of nurse in research
The document recommends washing hands frequently to help prevent the spread of coronavirus. It also suggests this is an opportunity for people to show compassion for others and help save humanity. Social distancing of at least 2 meters is advised.
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The document discusses various types of drugs and their classifications including anti-hypertensive drugs which lower blood pressure, anti-tubercular drugs, cephalosporins, penicillins, sulfonamides, anti-bacterial drugs, anti-diarrheal drugs, laxatives, anti-emetics, drugs for peptic ulcers, hypolipidemic drugs, anti-platelet drugs, anticoagulants, diuretics and antidiuretics, anti-arrhythmic drugs, congestive heart failure drugs, peripheral vascular drugs, and antianginal drugs. It was presented by Mr. Atul Yadav.
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1.Definition of comfort devices
2. Pillows
3. Purpose or use of pillow
4. Back rest
5. Use of back rest
6. Bed cradle
7. Use of bed cradle
8. Cardiac table
9. use of cardiac table
10. Mattresses
11. Use of mattresses
12. Air mattresses
13. Water mattress
14. Trapeze bar
15. use of trapeze bar
16. Foot board
17. use of foot board
18. Trochanter rolls
19. Sand bags
20, use of sand bags
21. Side rails
22. use of side rails
23. wedge /abductor pillow
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25. Bed blocks
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environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
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9
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
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Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. INTRODUCTION
Labor is a physiologic process during which the
products of conception (ie, the fetus,
membranes, umbilical cord, and placenta) are
expelled outside of the uterus.
3. DEFINITION OFNORMALLABOUR
Series of events that take place in the genital
organ in an effort to expel the viable(alive)
products of conception out of the womb/uterus
through vagina into outer world is called
NormalLabour.
4. DEFINITION OFNORMALLABOUR
Labour is defined as the presence of regular
uterine contractions with progressive cervical
dilatation and effacement.
5. CRITERIA/CHARACTERISTICSOF
NORMALLABOUR
1. Spontaneous in onset and at term ( between 37
-40 weeks ofgestation.)
2. With Vertex presentation
3. Without any undue prolongation.
4. Without any complications.
5. Naturally Terminated with minimal aid.
9. PHYSIOLOGYOFNORMALLABOUR
1. Uterine contraction:
Probable causeof pain are –
a) Myometrial hypoxia during contractions.
b) Stretching of the peritoneum over the fundus.
c) Stretching of the cervix during dilatation.
d) Compression of the nerve ganglion.
The pain of uterine contractions is distributed along the
cutaneous nerve distribution of T10 to L1.
12. PHYSIOLOGYOFNORMALLABOUR
INTENSITY–
The intensity of uterine contractions describes the
degree of uterine
systole.
The intensity gradually increases with advancement
of labour until it
becomes maximum in the second stage during
delivery of the baby.
Intrauterine pressure is raised to 40-50 mm Hg
during first stage and about 100-120 mm Hg in the
second stage of labour during contractions.
14. PHYSIOLOGYOFNORMALLABOUR
DURATION
In the first stage, the contractions last
for about 30 second initially but
gradually increases in duration with
the progress of labour.
Thus in the second stage, the
contractions last longer than in the
first stage.
15. PHYSIOLOGYOFNORMALLABOUR
FREQUENCY
In the early stage of labour, the
contractions come at intervals of ten to
fifteenminutes.
The intervals gradually shorten with
advancement of labour until in the
second stage, when it comes every
two or three minutes.
20. PHYSIOLOGYOFNORMALLABOUR
Contraction is a temporary reduction in
length of the fibers, which attain their full
length during relaxation.
In contrast, retraction results in permanent
shortening and the fibers are shortened
once and for all.
23. PHYSIOLOGYOFNORMALLABOUR
To maintain the advancement of the presenting
part made by the uterine contractions and to
help in ultimate expulsion of the fetus.
To reduce the surface area of the uterus
favouring separation of placenta.
Effective haemostasis after the separation of the
placenta.
28. NORMAL LABOR/
EUTOCIA
spontaneous in onset and at term
with vertex presentation
without undue prolongation
Natural termination with minimal aids
without having any complications affecting the
health of the mother and/or the baby
29.
30. ESTROGEN
Increases release of oxytocin from maternal
pituitary
Promotes synthesis of myometrial receptors for
oxytocin,PGincrease in gap junctions in
myometrial cells
Stimulates synthesis of myometrial
contraction protein actinomyosin through
cAMP.
Increases excitability of myometrial cell
31. PROSTAGLANDIN
Initiates and maintain labor
Major site of production:
Amnion,chorion, decidual cells and
myometrium
Enhances gap junction formation
Triggered by estrogen, glucocorticoids,
separation or rupture of membrane
32. OXYTOCIN
Peptide hormone
Hypothalamus-posterior pituitary
Fetal production: Maternal serum increase in
second stage of labor
Oxytocin receptors: Fundal location, increase
during pregnancy
Actions
1. Stimulate uterine contractions
2. Stimulate PG production from amnion/decidua
33. TRUE AND FALSE LABOR
True labor
o Painful contractions at regular
intervals at term
o Contraction frequency,
intensity, duration increases
gradually
o Associated with Show
o Progressive effacement and
dilatation of cervix
o Descent of presenting part
o Formation of “bags of water”
o Not relieved by enema/
sedatives (analgesics)
False labor
o Dull pain confined to
groin and abdomen
o Pain interval doesn’t
shorten
o Pain intensity remains
same
o No cervical dilatation
o No hardening of uterus
o Relieved by enema or
sedative
34. DURING PREGNANCY…
Marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of uterine
muscles
Length of uterus + cervix = 35 cm at term
Uterus assumes pyriform/ ovoid shape
Cervical canal occluded by thick, tenacious mucus
plug
35. UTERINE CONTRACTION IN
LABOR
Irregular involuntary painless spasmodic uterine
contraction (Braxton-Hicks) throughout pregnancy which
changes during labor
Pacemaker situated in : tubal ostia contraction waves
initiate
Pain of contraction distributed along the cutaneous nerve
distribution of T10 –L1
36. PATTERN OF
CONTRACTIONo Good synchronization of contraction waves from both
halves of the uterus
o Fundal dominance with gradual diminishing
contraction wave through midzone down to lower
segment in 10-20 sec
o Wave of contraction follow regular pattern
o Upper segment of uterus contracts longer and
stronger than lower part
o Intra-amniotic pressure rises beyond 20mm Hg
during uterine contraction
o Good relaxation occurs in between contraction(intra-
amniotic pressure less than 8)
37. RETRACTION
Phenomenon of uterus in labor in which muscle
fibers are permanently shortened
Effects of retraction:
1. Formation of lower uterine segment + dilatation and
effacement of cervix
2. Decent of presenting part expulsion of fetus
3. Reduce surface area separation of placenta
4. Effective homeostasis after separation of placenta
38. STAGES OF LABOR
First phase
- latent
- Active
Second phase
Propulsive
Expulsive
Third phase
Fourth phase
39. FIRST STAGE
Concerned with formation of birth canal
Main events:
1. Dilatation of cervix
2. Effacement of cervix
3. Lower uterine segment formation
40. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
IN DILATATION
Uterine contraction and retraction
Longitudinal fiber of upper segment
attach to circular fiber of lower
segment if uterus contracts
canal opens + shortens polarity of
uterus
Fetal axis pressure
o longitudinal lie of fetus circular
muscles contraction transmitted
from podalic pole to head
o Not in transverse lie
Bag of membrane
Vis-a-tergo
41. EFFACEMENT OF CERVIX
“processes by which muscular fibers of cervix pulled
upward and merge with fibers of lower uterine
segment”
Primigravidae: effacement before dilation of
cervix
Multiparae: effacement and dilatation occur at
same time
43. Friedman’s Curve
Friedman's Curve describes progress of two variables
over time:
• dilation of cervix
• descent of baby
Labor is “dysfunctional” when cervix stops dilating or fetal
descent stops or both
Possible diagnosis of "failure to progress"
C-section indicated
May be due to CPD (Cephalo Pelvic Disproportion) or
epidural anesthesia
45. SECOND STAGE OF
LABOR
“Begins when cervical dilatation is complete and
ends with fetal delivery.”
Median duration
50 minutes in primigravida
20 minutes in multiparous
Uterine contractions and accompanying expulsive
forces last:
60-90 seconds and
recur every 60 seconds
46. Propulsive phase:
Period of full dilation until head touches pelvic floor
Expulsive phase:
Since the time mother has irresistible desire to ‘bear
down’ and push until the baby is delivered
47. DURATION OF LABOR
Mean length of 1st and 2nd stage labor
12 hours in primigravida
6 hours in multipara
48. THIRD STAGE OF LABOR
Includes separation, descent and expulsion of
placenta with its membrane.
Signs of placental separation:
1. Hardening of uterus
2. Sudden gush of blood
3. Rise of Uterus (because the placenta, having separated, passes
down in the lower uterine segment and vagina)
4. Lengthening of umbilical cord
Signs of placental separation appear within 1-5 minutes within
delivery of newborn.
49. FOURTH STAGE OF LABOR
The placenta, membranes and umbilical cord
should be examined for completeness and for
anomalies
observation: 1 hour after birth of baby
Laceration of birth canal(vagina and perineum):
first degree laceration
Second degree laceration
third degree laceration
fourth degree laceration
50. Degree of Lacerations
First degree laceration:
Involved the perineal skin, vaginal mucus membrane but not underlying
fascia and muscle
2nd degree laceration:
Involve in addition, the fascia and muscle of perineal body but not anal
sphincter
3rd degree laceration:
Extent further to involve the anal sphincter
4th degree laceration:
Laceration extend through the rectum’s mucosa to exposed its lumen
51. MANAGEMENT OF FIRST
STAGE Of LABOR
1. Monitoring fetal well-being during labor
Fetal heart should be monitored every 30 mins in 1st stage
and every 15 mins in 2nd stage of labor
2. Uterine contractions
to evaluate the frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine
contractions.
3. Maternal vital signs
Maternal temperature, pulse, and blood pressure are
evaluated at least every 4 hours
with prolonged membrane rupture(>18 hours) antimicrobial
administration for prevention of group B streptococcal
infections is recommended
4. Subsequent vaginal examinations
52. CONTD..
5. Oral intake
Food should be withheld during active labor and
delivery
6. Maternal position
position that she finds most comfortable, which
will be lateral recumbency most of the time
7. Urinary bladder function
Bladder distention-avoided, because it can hinder
descent of the fetal presenting parts
53. MANAGEMENT OF SECOND STAGE
LABOR1. Preparation for delivery
Put the patient in dorsal lithotomy position or lying flat on bed
Clean the vulva, and perineum with antiseptic solution
Encourage organized pushing down which she is feeling to do so
2. spontaneous delivery
With each contraction, perineum bulges increasing
Ritgen maneuver- when head distends the vulva and perineum
enough to open the vaginal introitus to 25 cm or more
A towel-draped ,gloved hand –used to exert forward pressure on the chin of
fetus through the perineum
This maneuver allow delivery of head and also favors the neck
extension so that head is delivered with small diameter
54. CONT..
Clearing the nasopharynx:
Once the thorax –delivered and the newborn can inspire
Face quickly wiped and the nares and mouth cleared
Nuchal cord :
Found in 25% of deliveries and ordinarily no harm
If coil of umbilical cord felt-it should be slipped over the
head if loose enough
If too tight, the loop should be cut between two clamps
55. CONT...
Clamping the cord:
Umbilical cord is cut between two clamps placed 4 to 5 cm from the foetal
abdomen and later an umbilical cord clamp-applied 2 to 3 cm from the fetal
abdomen
Plastic clamp –safe
Timing of cord clamping:
If after delivery of the newborn –placed below the level of the vaginal
introitus for 3 min and Fetoplacental circulation – not immediately occluded
by cord clamping, then approx. 80 ml of blood shift from placenta to
neonate this reduces the frequency of iron deficiency anemia later in
infancy
56. MANAGEMENT OF THIRD
STAGE LABOR
Delivery of the placenta:
-Traction on the umbilical cord must not be used to pull the placenta
out of uterus.
-uterine inversion is one of the complication associated with delivery
Manual removal of placenta:
- Adequate analgesia is mandatory and aseptic surgical technique
should be used
-occasionally, placenta will not separate especially common in case
of preterm delivery
-if there is brisk bleeding and the placenta can not be delivered-
indicated
57. CONT...
1.Oxytocin
Given before delivery of placenta will decrease blood loss(they
may entrap an undiagnosed, undelivered 2nd twins)
The spontaneously labouring uterus is typically sensitive to oxytocin
and dosing should be titered to achieved adequate contraction
After delivery of the foetus, dosing should be fixed
It should be given as a dilute solution by continuous iv. Infusion or
im
10 USP unit i.m. (oral not effective)
T1/2 3-4 minutes- iv. Infusion (large bolus should not be given)
58. CONT..
CVS effect:
IV bolus of 10 unit of oxytocin caused marked fall in BP withan
abrupt increase in CO.
These hemodynamic changes could be dangerous for women
hypovolemic from haemorrhage or those with cardiac disease.
Water intoxication:
Has antidiuretic action
With high dose of oxytocin- produce water intoxication if the
oxytocin administered with large volume of electrolyte free aqueous
dextrose solution
Oxytocin given with NS or ringer solution
59. 2. Ergonovine and methylergonovine:
Ergot alkaloids
Stimulation of myometrium contraction
Given IV (0.1mg),IM or orally(0.25mg)
They are dangerous for mother and foetus prior to delivery-
tendency of relaxation
IV administration sometimes initiation of transient hypotension-
severe in gestational hypertension
3. prostaglandins:
Analogs not used routinely for management of 3rd stagelabour
60. MANAGEMENT OF FOURTH
STAGE LABOR
1. Examine the placenta for their completeness,
- anomalies, ( single umbilical arteryMultiple births)
- length, and
- number of vessels in the cord and record the placental weight
Suture the episiotomy or any laceration
Estimate blood loss, count swabs, and take cord blood for Hb, blood
group, Rh, bilirubin, and Coomb’s test for Rh negative mother
Check BP, P,T and firmness of the uterus before transferring the patient
Allow no food during the first hour, sips of water may be taken
62. FETAL SKULL
oMade of thin pliable tabular (flat) bones
forming the vault
oCompressible to some extent
oAreas of skull:
Vertex
Brow
Face
63. o Vertex: quadrangular area bounded
anteriorly by bregma and coronal sutures
Posteriorly by lambda and lambdoid suture
Laterally by lines passing through parietal eminences
o Brow:
One side anterior fontanels and coronal sutures
Other side root of nose and supra-orbital ridges of either side
o Face:
One side root of nose and supra-orbital ridges
On other side junction of floor of mouth with neck
64. SUTURES
Frontal: between the two frontal bones
Sagittal: between the two parietal
bones
Two coronal: between the frontal and
parietal bones
Two lambdoid: between the posterior
margins of the parietal bones and upper
margin of the occipital bone
65. Diameter Measurement(cm) Attitude of
head
Presentatio
n
Suboccipito-bregmatic (nape
of neck to center of bregma)
9.5 cm Complete
flexion
Vertex
Suboccipito-frontal (nape of
neck to ant. end of ant.
fontanelle )
10.5 cm Incomplete
flexion
Vertex
Occipito-frontal(occipital
eminence to glabella)
11.5 cm Marked
deflexion
Vertex
Mento-verticle (mid point of
chin to highest point on sagittal
suture)
14 cm
(13cm in oxford
hand book)
Partial
extension
Brow
Submento-verticle (junction of
floor of mouth and neck to
highest point on sagittal suture)
11.5 cm Incomplete
extension
Face
Submento-bregmatic (junction
of floor of mouth and neck to
center of bregma)
9.5 cm Complete
extension
Face
ANTERO-POSTERIOR DIAMETER OF HEAD
THAT MAY ENGAGE
66. i. 9.5 cm
ii. Extends between two parietal eminences
a. Super-subparietal diameter:
i. 8.5 cm
ii. Extends from a point placed below one parietal eminence to a
point placed above other parietal eminence of opposite side
b. Bitemporal diameter:
i. 8 cm
ii. Distance between antero-inferior ends of coronal suture
d. Bimastoid diameter:
i. 7.5 cm
ii. Distance between tips of mastoid processes
TRANSVERSE DIAMETER
Biparital diameter:
67. Attitude of head Plane of engagement Circumference
Complete flexion Biparietal-suboccipito-bregmatic
Shape - almost round
27.5 cm
Deflexed Biparietal-occipito-frontal
Shape – oval
34 cm
Incomplete extension Biparietal-mento-vertical
Shape - bigger oval
37.5 cm
Complete extension Biparietal-submento-bregmatic
Shape - almost round
27.5 cm
CIRCUMFERENCE
Circumference of the plane of diameter of
engagement differs according to attitude of head
Circumference of head in different attitude:
68. MOULDING
“The alteration of the shape of the fore coming head
while passing through the resistant birth passage during
labor”
o There is little alteration in size of head as the volume
of content inside skull is incompressible
o An alternation of 4mm in skull diameter commonly
occur during normal delivery
o Disappears within few hours after birth
69. MECHANISM:
Compression of engaging diameter of head with corresponding
elongation of the diameter at right angle to it
GRADING OF MOULDING
Grade 1:
Bones touching but not overlapping
Grade 2:
Bones overlapping but easily separated
Grade 3:
Fixed overlapping of bones
70. IMPORTANCE OF MOULDING
Slight moulding is inevitable and beneficial
Enables head to pass more easily through the
birth canal
Extreme moulding may produce Severe
intracranial disturbance in the form of tearing
of tentorium cerebelli or subdural
haemorrhage
Shape of moulding gives information about
position of head occupied in pelvis
72. o the passage of the widest
diameter of the presenting part
to a level below the plane of the
pelvic inlet
o In the cephalic presentation with a
well-flexed head, the largest
transverse diameter of the fetal
head is the biparietal diameter (9.5
cm)
ENGAGEMENT
73. Engagement can be confirmed clinically
by palpation of the presenting part
abdominally and/or vaginally
The head is assumed to be engaged if
the leading edge has reached the ischial
spines and there is no significant
molding or scalp edema
74. Head in Synclitism: the sagittal suture corresponds
to the diameter of engagement with the head enters
the brim
Anterior asynclitism: Anterior parietal presentation
Posterior asynclitism: Posterior parietal presentation
Mild degree of asynclitism are common but severe
degrees indicate cephalopelvic disproportion
PRESENTATION
75. downward passage of the presenting
part through the pelvis
The greatest rate of descent occurs during the
deceleration phase of the first stage and during the
second stage of labor
Forces involved:-
1. Pressure of amniotic fluid
2. Pressure of fundus upon breech with contraction
3. Maternal abdominal muscles
4. Extension and straightening of fetal body
DESCENT
76. o Occurs passively as the head
descends
o due to resistance related to the shape of bony pelvis
& by the soft tissues of the pelvic floor
o Although flexion of the fetal head onto the chest is
present to some degree in most fetuses antepartum,
complete flexion usually only occurs during the
course of labor
o A deflexed head presents a larger diameter, which
may be too large to negotiate the pelvic bone
FLEXION
77. o Rotation of the presenting part
from its original position (usually transverse with
regard to the birth canal) to the anteroposterior
position as it
passes through the pelvis
o As with flexion, internal rotation is a passive
movement resulting from the shape of the pelvis
and the resistance of the pelvic floor musculature
INTERNAL ROTATION
78. o Occurs once the fetus has
descended to the level of the
introitus
o This descent brings the base of the occiput into
contact with the inferior margin of the symphysis
pubis
o At this point, the birth canal curves upwards
o The fetal head is delivered by extension and
rotates around the symphysis pubis
EXTENSION
79. o After the fetal head deflexes (extends),
it rotates to the correct anatomic
position in relation to the fetal torso;
left or right rotation depends on the
orientation of the fetus
o Passive movement resulting from a release of the
forces exerted on the fetal head by the maternal bony
pelvis and its musculature and mediated by the basal
tone of the fetal musculature
EXTERNAL ROTATION
80. Exercise :-
1. Define management of 3rd stage of labor?
2. Write I st stage of labor?
3. Define Fetal head movement in normal delivery?
4. Define moulding ?
5. Define fetal skull ?
6. Difference between true and false labor ?
82. DEFINITION
Series of events that takes place on genital organ in
an effort to expel the viable product of conception out
of the womb through vagina into the outerworld.
83. PRINCIPLES:-
There are three principles of mechanism of
labour.
a) Descenttakesplace throughout labour.
b) Whichever part leads and first meets the
pelvic floor will rotate forward until it comes
under symphysispubis.
c) Whatever part emerges from the pelvis will
pivot around pubicbone.
Nemonics DSP (descent, symphysis pubis and
pubic bone) to remember principles of
mechanism of labour.
84. CRITERIAFORNORMAL
MECHANISMOFLABOUR
• Lie is longitudinal
• Presentation cephalic
• Position ROAor LOA
• Attitude is good flexion
• Denominator is occiput
• Presenting part is posterior part of anterior
parietal bone
86. PRINCIPLEMOVEMENTSIN
NORMAL MECHANISMOF
LABOUR
• Internal rotation of shoulders
• External rotation of head
• Delivery of body by lateral flexion
Nemonics to remember mechanism of labour
END FLICERICED (flicer meansvery bright ) soflicer
company ke end hone seuskamanaager iced ho gya.
87. PRINCIPLEMOVEMENTSIN
NORMAL MECHANISMOF
LABOUR
• Engagement
– Engages with sagittal sutures in right oblique and
biparietal diameter in leftoblique
– Occiput points to left ileo pectineal eminence
• Descent
– Fetus descent due to contraction and retraction of
uterine muscle
• Flexion
– Engaging diameter is suboccipito frontal (10cm)
– Changesto suboccipito bragmatic (9.5cm)
89. • Internal rotationofhead
– Occiput is the leading part
– Rotatesone by eighth of the circle
– Sagittal suture comesin APD
– Slight twist in the neck of thefetus
• Crowning
– Biparietal diameter stretches at vulval outlet
• Extensionof head
– ReleasesSinciput face andchin
– Head is born by flexion
• Restitution
– Twist in theneck of the fetus is corrected by slight untwisting
movement
– Occiput turns one by eighth of the circle towards the maternal
side
93. • Internal rotation of shoulders
–Shoulders rotate one by eighth of acircle to lie
under symphysis pubis
• Externalrotation of head
–Occiput rotates further one by eighth to the
mothers left side
• Delivery of body bylateral flexion
–Anterior shoulder escapesunder symphysis pubis
–Posterior shoulder sweepsthe perineum
–Bodyis born by lateral flexion