Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Globally the incidence of unwed mothers is rising.Unwed mothers remain a challenge in obstetric practice due to a complex interplay of obstetric,medical,social and psychological complications associated with them.so ,it is important to know who are unwed mothers,causes and nurses role.
LAW: THE SUM TOTAL OF RULES AND REGULATIONS BY WHICH THE SOCIETY IS GOVERNED
ETHICS: Ethics is the systematic study of What a persons conduct ought to be with regard to him or herself, other human beings and the environment, it is the justification of what is right or good and the study of what a person’s life and relationship ought to be, not necessarily what they are.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
Globally the incidence of unwed mothers is rising.Unwed mothers remain a challenge in obstetric practice due to a complex interplay of obstetric,medical,social and psychological complications associated with them.so ,it is important to know who are unwed mothers,causes and nurses role.
LAW: THE SUM TOTAL OF RULES AND REGULATIONS BY WHICH THE SOCIETY IS GOVERNED
ETHICS: Ethics is the systematic study of What a persons conduct ought to be with regard to him or herself, other human beings and the environment, it is the justification of what is right or good and the study of what a person’s life and relationship ought to be, not necessarily what they are.
Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta lies very low in the uterus and covers all or part of the cervix. The cervix is the opening to the uterus that sits at the top of the vagina. Placenta previa happens in about 1 in 200 pregnancies.
Placenta praevia risk factors include a previous delivery, age older than 35 and a history of previous surgeries, such as a caesarean section (C-section) or uterine fibroid removal.
The main symptom is bright red vaginal bleeding without pain during the second-half of pregnancy. The condition can also cause severe bleeding before or during delivery.
Limited physical activity is recommended. A C-section is often required in severe cases.
5.1 Placenta, membranes and amniotic fluid.pdfChantal Settley
Allows gas exchange so the fetus gets enough oxygen
Helps the fetus get sufficient nutrition (folate, vitamins, glucose, etc)
Helps regulate the fetus’ body temperature
Removes waste from the fetus for processing by the mother’s body (excretion)
Filters out some microbes that could cause infection
Transfers antibodies from the mother to the fetus, conferring some immune protection (immunity function).
Produces hormones that keep the mother’s body primed to support pregnancy (endocrine function)
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
Introduction to female reproductive physiology
Formation of female gametes, ova
Reception of male gametes, spermatozoa
Provision of suitable environments for fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa and development of the resultant fetus
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation, the production of breast milk, which provides complete nourishment for the baby in its early life
Onset of adult sexual life
Developing of female glands
Enlargement of breasts and erection of nipples
Growth of body hair, most prominently underarm and pubic hair
Greater development of thigh muscles behind the femur, rather than in front of it
Widening of hips
lower waist to hip ratio than adult males
Smaller hands and feet than men
Rounder face
Smaller waist than men
Changed distribution in weight and fat; more subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs
Enlargement of external genitalia due to fat deposition
Change of Vaginal epithelium from cuboidal to stratified
Increased size of uterus after puberty
Proliferation of endometrial stroma
Effect of Estrogens on the Fallopian Tubes
Glandular tissue proliferation
Number of ciliated epithelial cells increase
Effect of Estrogens on the Breasts
development of the stromal tissues of the breasts
Growth of an extensive ductile system
Deposition of fat in the breasts.
Effect of Estrogens on the Skeleton
Estrogens inhibit osteoclastic activity in the bones stimulating bone growth
uniting of the epiphyses with the shafts of the long bones
Osteoporosis of the Bones Caused by Estrogen deficiency in Old Age
increased osteoclastic activity in the bones
decreased bone matrix
decreased deposition of bone calcium and phosphate
Effect of Estrogens on Protein Deposition
Slight increase in total body protein
BMR increased only1/3rd as compared to testosterone
Increased deposition of fate in:
Subcutaneous tissue
Breasts, buttocks and thighs
Effect of Estrogens on Hair Distribution
No effect
Effect of Estrogens on the Skin
Makes skin soft and smooth
Increased skin vascularity
Effect of Estrogens on Electrolyte Balance
Slight sodium and water reabsorption
Trimester Pregnancy
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
45. Developmental Tasks
Relate to sequence of trimesters; more
apparent in some than others
Pregnancy validation
Focus is nurturing and protecting fetus
May question identity as woman and mother
Fetal embodiment
Incorporates fetus into body image; deals with
repressed thought and matures
Fetal distinction (when quickening occurs)
Sees fetus as individual
Role transition
Makes concrete plans for baby 45
Review the chapter objectives.
Review the terminology used to describe the pregnant woman.
Refer to Box 4-1 (p. 44).
Pregnant woman has four living children, all single births, no preterm births, no abortions. How would this be documented? Answer: 5-4-0-0-4-0
Woman is pregnant for the third time. How would this be documented? Answer: G 3, P 2 if she has not delivered yet.
See Box 4-2 (p. 44).
Review the various terms that can be applied to this (e.g., EDB, EDD).
Demonstrate examples of EDD where the baby would be born during current year, and demonstrate one where the baby will be born in the next year.
Review Table 4-1 (p. 45).
Many signs and symptoms of other illnesses can mimic pregnancy; therefore, it is important that these three signs be confirmed.
See Figure 4-1 (p. 45).
Ask the class: What else can cause hCG to be present or produced? Answer: from the ingestion of antianxiety medications or anticonvulsants, blood in the urine, malignant tumors, and menopause.
Refer to Table 4-2 (pp. 46-48) regarding the physiologic and psychological changes in pregnancy.
Refer to Table 4-3 (p. 49) regarding hormones essential in pregnancy.
If uterus can be felt above the symphysis pubis, about how many weeks gestation is it? Answer: 12
If uterine fundus can be felt near the umbilicus, about how many weeks gestation is it? Answer: 20
If uterine fundus is at its highest and at the xiphoid process of the rib cage, how many weeks gestation is it? Answer: 36
By 40 weeks when the fetus descends, what happens? What is this called? Answers: fetal head descends into pelvis and is called lightening.
Discuss the mucous plug’s function.
See Figure 4-2 (p. 50) regarding striae and pigmentation changes of the breasts during pregnancy.
Review Figure 4-2 (p. 50).
Review Table 4-4 (p. 51) regarding changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy; discuss the physiologic changes and the clinical significance. How will these changes affect the nursing care that may be provided?
Discuss with the class how blood values change during pregnancy. Refer to Table 4-5 (p. 52).
Also known as aortocaval compression
How can supine hypotensive syndrome be prevented? Answer: by having the woman lie on her side.
What patient teaching should be provided to the pregnant woman to decrease some of these symptoms? Answer: stay upright for at least 30 minutes after eating.
Review common interventions to decrease nausea and vomiting found in Chapter 5.
Discuss how abdominal contents change as pregnancy progresses.
Discuss how the changes in spinal curvature can affect the balance of the pregnant woman and nursing interventions that may be required.
See Figure 4-6 (p. 54).
What OTC drug, if taken in the third trimester, can cause early closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus? Answer: ibuprofen
Refer to Table 4-6 (p. 57). Present case scenarios and ask the class to discuss what nursing interventions may be required at the various stages of development.