The document discusses various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy including changes to body water metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hematologic system, endocrine system, and other organ systems. It also discusses conditions like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertension that can arise during pregnancy. IUGR is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile and can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Hypertension in pregnancy includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.
Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
This slideshow is to educate people that the Best Calcium Supplement is actually Calmodulin (CaM), which is the trasporter and regulator for Calcium ions to go into the cells. Without CaM, calcium cannot be absorped into the cell which leads to calcium defiency. Serious calcium defiency will cause osteopenia and even osteoporosis. Too much of calcium causes calcification. Therefore, calcium needs to be regulated and balanced by Calmodulin.
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Retained placenta can be defined as lack of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of delivery of an infant. it is more common in preterm. Retained Placenta can lead to massive PPH and increase maternal morbidity and mortality.
This slideshow is to educate people that the Best Calcium Supplement is actually Calmodulin (CaM), which is the trasporter and regulator for Calcium ions to go into the cells. Without CaM, calcium cannot be absorped into the cell which leads to calcium defiency. Serious calcium defiency will cause osteopenia and even osteoporosis. Too much of calcium causes calcification. Therefore, calcium needs to be regulated and balanced by Calmodulin.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
The pregnant patient content: uterine physiology and preterm labor, preterm onset of labor, tocolysis, physiologic changes of pregnancy that mimic disease, imaging modalities in the pregnant patient, fetal monitoring, appendicitis in the pregnant patient, Biliary tract disease in pregnancy, intestinal obstruction during pregnancy,
Anatomical & physiological changes in pregnancy & their clinical implications...alka mukherjee
• Women undergo several changes during pregnancy, including cardiovascular, hematologic, metabolic, renal, and respiratory changes that provide adequate nutrition and gas exchange for the developing fetus.
• Progesterone and estrogen levels rise continually through pregnancy, together with blood sugar, breathing rate, and cardiac output.
• The body’s posture changes during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus and the mother will experience weight gain.
• Breasts grow and change in preparation for lactation once the infant is born. Once lactation begins, the woman’s breasts swell significantly and can feel achy, lumpy, and
heavy (engorgement). This is relieved by nursing the infant.
• Plasma and blood volume increase over the course of the pregnancy and lead to changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Women may also have a higher risk of blood clots, especially in the weeks following labor.
• During pregnancy, both protein metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism are affected. One kilogram of extra protein is deposited, with half going to the fetus and placenta, and another half going to uterine contractile proteins, breast glandular tissue, plasma protein, and hemoglobin.
• Circulatory Changes
• Plasma and blood volume slowly increase by 40–50% over the course of the pregnancy (due to increased aldosterone) to accommodate the changes, resulting in an increase in heart rate (15 beats/min more than usual), stroke volume, and cardiac output. Cardiac output increases by about 50%, primarily during the first trimester.
• The systemic vascular resistance also drops due to the smooth muscle relaxation and overall vasodilation caused by elevated progesterone, leading to a fall in blood pressure. Diastolic blood pressure consequently decreases between 12–26 weeks, and increases again to pre-pregnancy levels by 36 weeks.
• Edema (swelling) of the feet is common during pregnancy, partly because the enlarging uterus compresses veins and lymphatic drainage from the legs.
• The platelet count tends to fall progressively during normal pregnancy, although it usually remains within normal limits. In a proportion of women (5–10%), the count will reach levels of 100–150 × 109 cells/l by term and this occurs in the absence of any pathological process. In practice, therefore, a woman is not considered to be thrombocytopenic in pregnancy until the platelet count is less than 100 × 109 cells/l.
• Pregnancy causes a two- to three-fold increase in the requirement for iron, not only for haemoglobin synthesis but also for for the foetus and the production of certain enzymes. There is a 10- to 20-fold increase in folate requirements and a two-fold increase in the requirement for vitamin B12.
Changes in the coagulation system during pregnancy produce a physiological hypercoagulable state (in preparation for haemostasis following delivery).
5. Embryo to Fetus fifteen days twenty-one days thirty days thirty-four days six wks eight wks Life: One Seed + One Egg Life begins when an egg, previously released from one of the two ovaries, merges with just one of the hundreds of millions of sperm cells supplied through the vagina by the male reproductive system. The fertilized egg then descends to the wall of the uterus, where it implants itself to begin gestation .
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) Residual Volume (RV) Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec (FEV1)
HELLP syndrome is characterized by liver compromise during or after a pregnancy, complicated by hypertension and/or preeclampsia. The letters stand for: H emolytic anemia (when red blood cells break down) E levated L iver transminases (sign of liver problems) L ow P latelet count (causing problems in blood clotting). This condition usually appears in the third trimester and most commonly in first-time pregnancies, but it can begin as early as 20 weeks and recur in subsequent pregnancies. A simple explanation of the disease is that it is a very severe form of preeclampsia. About 15 percent (in one study) of women with preeclampsia go on to develop HELLP.