This document summarizes maternal alterations in pregnancy that affect the gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. It discusses increased appetite and changes in food cravings during pregnancy. It also covers constipation, heartburn, and changes in the stomach, intestines, liver and gallbladder during pregnancy. Increased risk of urinary tract infections is discussed due to hormonal changes that cause urinary stasis.
This document discusses common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy and their management. It covers disorders of the digestive system like nausea, constipation, and heartburn. Musculoskeletal issues like backache, leg cramps, and round ligament pain are also addressed. Circulatory changes such as varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and ankle edema are described. The document provides treatment recommendations for each condition and identifies disorders that require immediate medical attention, such as vaginal bleeding or reduced fetal movement.
This document discusses medical and nutritional management of feeding disorders. It provides an overview of digestion and common issues like gastroesophageal reflux. Evaluation may include medical history, tests like barium swallows, and objective assessments. Treatments include conservative measures, pharmacotherapy, and sometimes surgery. Nutritional management involves screening, assessing nutritional needs, and addressing issues like malnutrition. Alternative feeding routes like tubes are described when oral feeding is not possible.
The document summarizes various metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy across several body systems. There is an increased total metabolism and basal metabolic rate to support the growth of the fetus. Protein metabolism shifts to an anabolic state to support increased protein needs. Carbohydrate metabolism involves increased insulin resistance and secretion to ensure glucose supply to the fetus. Fat storage increases by 3-4 kg to support energy needs. Iron metabolism is in an inevitable deficient state to meet the 1000mg of iron needs transferred to the fetus and placenta. Respiratory and renal systems expand to accommodate the growing uterus while hormonal changes like human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen influence maternal physiology.
This document provides information on common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy, organized by body system. It discusses disorders such as nausea and vomiting, constipation, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, fatigue, leg cramps, backache, varicosity, piles, ankle edema, insomnia, headache, vaginal discharge, urinary symptoms, breathlessness, and skin changes. For each disorder, it describes symptoms, causes, and management or treatment approaches. The overall aim is to educate about these common pregnancy complaints and how they can be adequately treated.
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its relationship to endometriosis. IBS is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. It predominantly affects females. Endometriosis, which affects 12-23% of menstruating women, can cause similar symptoms to IBS. Women with endometriosis are six times more likely to be diagnosed with IBS. The management of IBS focuses on developing a therapeutic relationship with the patient, diet modifications, increasing fiber intake, alternative therapies like peppermint oil and herbal supplements, and probiotics which may improve symptoms. Surgery has no role in treating IBS.
This document discusses sex differences in gastrointestinal motility and diseases. It notes that female hormones like estrogen and progesterone influence GI motility. Conditions like gastroparesis affect women more commonly and severely than men. Symptoms tend to worsen for premenopausal women during their menstrual cycle. These sex differences should be considered in diagnostic and treatment strategies for upper GI disorders. Providers need better understanding of how female hormonal stages impact GI motility.
A 33-year-old female presents with 15 years of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating. Her family history is notable for celiac disease in her mother. While irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is likely, celiac disease must be excluded given her family history. Screening the patient for celiac disease serologically while on a normal diet is the most appropriate next step, rather than colonoscopy or other invasive tests, as her symptoms are classic for IBS and she has no alarm features. If celiac screening is negative, empiric treatment for IBS symptoms is reasonable.
This document discusses enteral nutrition in infants and children. It covers nutritional assessment, indications for enteral nutrition such as inability to meet nutritional needs orally or increased metabolic demands, disease-specific considerations, formula selection, nutritional requirements, and administration methods. Enteral nutrition provides nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract and is preferable to parenteral nutrition when possible due to lower costs and health benefits from GI tract utilization.
This document discusses common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy and their management. It covers disorders of the digestive system like nausea, constipation, and heartburn. Musculoskeletal issues like backache, leg cramps, and round ligament pain are also addressed. Circulatory changes such as varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and ankle edema are described. The document provides treatment recommendations for each condition and identifies disorders that require immediate medical attention, such as vaginal bleeding or reduced fetal movement.
This document discusses medical and nutritional management of feeding disorders. It provides an overview of digestion and common issues like gastroesophageal reflux. Evaluation may include medical history, tests like barium swallows, and objective assessments. Treatments include conservative measures, pharmacotherapy, and sometimes surgery. Nutritional management involves screening, assessing nutritional needs, and addressing issues like malnutrition. Alternative feeding routes like tubes are described when oral feeding is not possible.
The document summarizes various metabolic changes that occur during pregnancy across several body systems. There is an increased total metabolism and basal metabolic rate to support the growth of the fetus. Protein metabolism shifts to an anabolic state to support increased protein needs. Carbohydrate metabolism involves increased insulin resistance and secretion to ensure glucose supply to the fetus. Fat storage increases by 3-4 kg to support energy needs. Iron metabolism is in an inevitable deficient state to meet the 1000mg of iron needs transferred to the fetus and placenta. Respiratory and renal systems expand to accommodate the growing uterus while hormonal changes like human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen influence maternal physiology.
This document provides information on common minor disorders that can occur during pregnancy, organized by body system. It discusses disorders such as nausea and vomiting, constipation, heartburn, excessive salivation, pica, fatigue, leg cramps, backache, varicosity, piles, ankle edema, insomnia, headache, vaginal discharge, urinary symptoms, breathlessness, and skin changes. For each disorder, it describes symptoms, causes, and management or treatment approaches. The overall aim is to educate about these common pregnancy complaints and how they can be adequately treated.
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and its relationship to endometriosis. IBS is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. It predominantly affects females. Endometriosis, which affects 12-23% of menstruating women, can cause similar symptoms to IBS. Women with endometriosis are six times more likely to be diagnosed with IBS. The management of IBS focuses on developing a therapeutic relationship with the patient, diet modifications, increasing fiber intake, alternative therapies like peppermint oil and herbal supplements, and probiotics which may improve symptoms. Surgery has no role in treating IBS.
This document discusses sex differences in gastrointestinal motility and diseases. It notes that female hormones like estrogen and progesterone influence GI motility. Conditions like gastroparesis affect women more commonly and severely than men. Symptoms tend to worsen for premenopausal women during their menstrual cycle. These sex differences should be considered in diagnostic and treatment strategies for upper GI disorders. Providers need better understanding of how female hormonal stages impact GI motility.
A 33-year-old female presents with 15 years of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloating. Her family history is notable for celiac disease in her mother. While irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is likely, celiac disease must be excluded given her family history. Screening the patient for celiac disease serologically while on a normal diet is the most appropriate next step, rather than colonoscopy or other invasive tests, as her symptoms are classic for IBS and she has no alarm features. If celiac screening is negative, empiric treatment for IBS symptoms is reasonable.
This document discusses enteral nutrition in infants and children. It covers nutritional assessment, indications for enteral nutrition such as inability to meet nutritional needs orally or increased metabolic demands, disease-specific considerations, formula selection, nutritional requirements, and administration methods. Enteral nutrition provides nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract and is preferable to parenteral nutrition when possible due to lower costs and health benefits from GI tract utilization.
This document discusses bowel and anorectal function and dysfunction including prevention, normal bowel function, storage, defecation, positions for defecation, definitions, prevalence, factors contributing to difficulties, consequences of constipation, factors contributing to anal incontinence, physical therapy assessment including history, examinations and investigations, treatments including diet, bowel retraining, medications, and physiotherapy treatments.
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
this presentation is on the relationship and effect of nutrition on general and oral health
management of few cases and pictures of the same are also included
Minor Ailments During Pregnancy: Genitourinary system changes Amira Ahmad
This is a slide presentation of minor ailments/discomfort that is experienced by women during pregnancy. I only focus on changes in genitourinary system as I was assigned on the system. There are a few of nursing management in the slide. Hopefully my slide can help the other medical student (especially nursing) to get some ideas from it.
Pregnancy is meant to be a great time for every mother...... but not every mother experiences it that way. This topic will help expectant couples know what to expect and how to handle it. Transiting from womanhood to motherhood shouldn't be so turbulent!. Enjoy it!
This document discusses several common surgical diseases that may occur during pregnancy, including their presentation, diagnosis, and treatment considerations. It covers acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, hernias, thyrotoxicosis, breast cancer, jaundice, urinary tract infections, and provides details on:
- How pregnancy can modify the signs and symptoms of these conditions, making diagnosis more difficult.
- The preferred timing and surgical approaches for treating these diseases while minimizing risks to the mother and fetus.
- The importance of prompt treatment for conditions like acute appendicitis to prevent complications.
- Nonsurgical and medical management options when surgery is relatively contraindicated during pregnancy.
Pregnancy causes widespread physiological changes in the mother's body affecting nearly every organ system. These changes prepare the mother's body for pregnancy and support fetal growth and development. Major adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory and renal changes, hormonal and metabolic alterations to support increased nutritional demands, and anatomical changes in organs like the uterus and breasts. Most of these changes resolve after delivery, though some like skin changes may persist. Understanding normal physiological changes helps distinguish them from potential pathological conditions.
This document discusses the extensive physiological and anatomical changes that occur during normal human pregnancy. It provides details on adaptations in multiple organ systems to support the growth and development of the fetus. The main changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, anatomical changes to the uterus and cervix, hormonal changes involving hCG and estrogen, and metabolic adaptations to provide optimal nutrition for the fetus. All major body systems are impacted in ways that precisely meet the needs of pregnancy.
This document discusses several digestive diseases and conditions that affect the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. It provides information on inflammatory bowel diseases, watermelon stomach, abdominal migraine, dumping syndrome, gas in the digestive tract, gastroparesis, Menetrier's disease, motility disorders of the stomach, stomach noises, and stomach polyps. For each topic, it describes the characteristics, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and potential treatments. The document serves as an educational guide covering a variety of gastrointestinal issues.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Dr. Jay Schwartz owns and operates Collin County Pediatrics in Frisco, Texas. Dr. Jay Schwartz comes to his work with an in-depth knowledge of common childhood health issues, including constipation.
Post Natal Return to exercise and activity: Sundeep Watkins Gerard Greene
This document discusses postnatal physiotherapy. It notes that 45% of women experience urinary incontinence, 45% experience pelvic pain during pregnancy which can persist after birth for 20-25%, and 50% experience some degree of pelvic organ prolapse. A postnatal physiotherapy assessment within 1 hour or years after birth can check pelvic floor strength, assess any physical issues from pregnancy/birth, and provide an individualized exercise program to improve stability, posture, and core strength. Returning to exercise is important but needs to be done at a low impact initially while engaging the pelvic floor and with consideration that full postpartum recovery can take 1 year or more. Websites are also provided as additional resources on these
minor disorder in pragnancy and its managementimran123321
1) Minor disorders of pregnancy are common conditions that result from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with daily activities or pose health risks to the mother or baby. They include nausea and vomiting, heartburn, incontinence, leg aches and cramps, piles, back pain, constipation, varicosity, swelling of the feet, pelvic joint pain, stretch marks, and vaginal discharge.
2) The document provides information on the causes and management of each minor disorder, such as eating small frequent meals for nausea, avoiding certain foods for heartburn, doing pelvic floor exercises for incontinence, massage and heat for back pain, increasing fiber and water for constipation, and elevating the feet for
Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) is an autoimmune disorder affecting children in India characterized by fever, abdominal distension, and hepatosplenomegaly. It is most common in male children ages 6 months to 4 years from low-income families in rural areas. The exact cause is unknown but is likely due to a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors like copper toxicity, infections, and malnutrition. Clinically, ICC presents with abdominal distension, fever, jaundice, and eventually liver failure if not treated. Diagnosis involves liver function tests and biopsy showing cirrhosis. Treatment focuses on nutrition, antibiotics, medications to reduce copper levels, and managing complications. Nursing care emphasizes rest, diet, intravenous fluids
How to relieve constipation in children quicklyIhsan Umraity
How to relieve constipation in children quickly - One of kid health problem is constipation. Children who have constipation or difficult in having bowel are generally not fatal case, especially in the age range of 2-3 years. Actually, this condition often affects children in general, but not all parents understand how to resolve constipation in children.
This document summarizes the case of a 1 month 18 day old male infant presenting with projectile vomiting for 7 days and abdominal distension for 3 days. On examination, the infant has a visible lump in the epigastrium. Based on examination findings and ultrasound results showing an elongated hypertrophic pylorus, the infant is diagnosed with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. He undergoes pyloromyotomy surgery and makes a good postoperative recovery.
This document discusses women's health issues related to menopause, osteoporosis, incontinence, and prolapse. It covers the stages of menopause and common symptoms. Treatment options discussed include hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, and medications. The document also discusses osteoporosis risk factors, diagnosis, and management including calcium/vitamin D, bisphosphonates, and PTH. Incontinence types and treatments including bladder retraining, physiotherapy, and surgery are outlined. Prolapse causes, types, surgeries, and postoperative physiotherapy are summarized as well.
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to inadequate intake of protein and energy, commonly seen in infants and children. It ranges from marasmus characterized by weight loss to kwashiorkor with edema. Risk factors include social, economic, biological and environmental causes like poverty, infections, improper feeding. Free radicals and aflatoxins may damage liver cells and cause kwashiorkor. PEM results from direct causes like inadequate food intake and disease or indirect causes like food insecurity, poor sanitation and inadequate healthcare. Theories on the pathophysiology include adaptation and maladaptation, acute versus chronic effects, and free radical injury. PEM causes changes in body composition, metabolism, and anatomy.
Genetic influences on obesity developmenthelix1661
Obesity is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Hundreds of studies have found associations between obesity-related traits and various genes. While some forms of obesity are caused by single-gene mutations, most are influenced by multiple genetic and environmental contributions. Research using mouse models has linked over 160 genes to obesity when mutated. Overall, the goal is to better understand how combinations of genetic and environmental factors influence obesity risk.
This document discusses pediatric surgery and focuses on congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (CHPS). It describes CHPS as a condition that affects babies between birth and 6 months, causing forceful vomiting. The pathology involves hypertrophy of the pylorus muscle layer. Clinical features include projectile vomiting. Investigation may include ultrasound and barium meal. Treatment is resuscitation followed by Ramestedt pyloromyotomy surgery to cut the thickened pylorus muscle layer. Complications can include perforation or wound infection but recurrence is rare.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
This document discusses bowel and anorectal function and dysfunction including prevention, normal bowel function, storage, defecation, positions for defecation, definitions, prevalence, factors contributing to difficulties, consequences of constipation, factors contributing to anal incontinence, physical therapy assessment including history, examinations and investigations, treatments including diet, bowel retraining, medications, and physiotherapy treatments.
The document discusses several minor complaints that may occur during pregnancy, including gingivitis, ptyalism, heartburn, constipation, hemorrhoids, varicosities, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, leucorrhea, leg cramps, paraethesia, and backache. For each complaint, the causes and recommended treatments are provided.
this presentation is on the relationship and effect of nutrition on general and oral health
management of few cases and pictures of the same are also included
Minor Ailments During Pregnancy: Genitourinary system changes Amira Ahmad
This is a slide presentation of minor ailments/discomfort that is experienced by women during pregnancy. I only focus on changes in genitourinary system as I was assigned on the system. There are a few of nursing management in the slide. Hopefully my slide can help the other medical student (especially nursing) to get some ideas from it.
Pregnancy is meant to be a great time for every mother...... but not every mother experiences it that way. This topic will help expectant couples know what to expect and how to handle it. Transiting from womanhood to motherhood shouldn't be so turbulent!. Enjoy it!
This document discusses several common surgical diseases that may occur during pregnancy, including their presentation, diagnosis, and treatment considerations. It covers acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction, hernias, thyrotoxicosis, breast cancer, jaundice, urinary tract infections, and provides details on:
- How pregnancy can modify the signs and symptoms of these conditions, making diagnosis more difficult.
- The preferred timing and surgical approaches for treating these diseases while minimizing risks to the mother and fetus.
- The importance of prompt treatment for conditions like acute appendicitis to prevent complications.
- Nonsurgical and medical management options when surgery is relatively contraindicated during pregnancy.
Pregnancy causes widespread physiological changes in the mother's body affecting nearly every organ system. These changes prepare the mother's body for pregnancy and support fetal growth and development. Major adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory and renal changes, hormonal and metabolic alterations to support increased nutritional demands, and anatomical changes in organs like the uterus and breasts. Most of these changes resolve after delivery, though some like skin changes may persist. Understanding normal physiological changes helps distinguish them from potential pathological conditions.
This document discusses the extensive physiological and anatomical changes that occur during normal human pregnancy. It provides details on adaptations in multiple organ systems to support the growth and development of the fetus. The main changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, anatomical changes to the uterus and cervix, hormonal changes involving hCG and estrogen, and metabolic adaptations to provide optimal nutrition for the fetus. All major body systems are impacted in ways that precisely meet the needs of pregnancy.
This document discusses several digestive diseases and conditions that affect the stomach and gastrointestinal tract. It provides information on inflammatory bowel diseases, watermelon stomach, abdominal migraine, dumping syndrome, gas in the digestive tract, gastroparesis, Menetrier's disease, motility disorders of the stomach, stomach noises, and stomach polyps. For each topic, it describes the characteristics, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and potential treatments. The document serves as an educational guide covering a variety of gastrointestinal issues.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
Dr. Jay Schwartz owns and operates Collin County Pediatrics in Frisco, Texas. Dr. Jay Schwartz comes to his work with an in-depth knowledge of common childhood health issues, including constipation.
Post Natal Return to exercise and activity: Sundeep Watkins Gerard Greene
This document discusses postnatal physiotherapy. It notes that 45% of women experience urinary incontinence, 45% experience pelvic pain during pregnancy which can persist after birth for 20-25%, and 50% experience some degree of pelvic organ prolapse. A postnatal physiotherapy assessment within 1 hour or years after birth can check pelvic floor strength, assess any physical issues from pregnancy/birth, and provide an individualized exercise program to improve stability, posture, and core strength. Returning to exercise is important but needs to be done at a low impact initially while engaging the pelvic floor and with consideration that full postpartum recovery can take 1 year or more. Websites are also provided as additional resources on these
minor disorder in pragnancy and its managementimran123321
1) Minor disorders of pregnancy are common conditions that result from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with daily activities or pose health risks to the mother or baby. They include nausea and vomiting, heartburn, incontinence, leg aches and cramps, piles, back pain, constipation, varicosity, swelling of the feet, pelvic joint pain, stretch marks, and vaginal discharge.
2) The document provides information on the causes and management of each minor disorder, such as eating small frequent meals for nausea, avoiding certain foods for heartburn, doing pelvic floor exercises for incontinence, massage and heat for back pain, increasing fiber and water for constipation, and elevating the feet for
Indian childhood cirrhosis (ICC) is an autoimmune disorder affecting children in India characterized by fever, abdominal distension, and hepatosplenomegaly. It is most common in male children ages 6 months to 4 years from low-income families in rural areas. The exact cause is unknown but is likely due to a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors like copper toxicity, infections, and malnutrition. Clinically, ICC presents with abdominal distension, fever, jaundice, and eventually liver failure if not treated. Diagnosis involves liver function tests and biopsy showing cirrhosis. Treatment focuses on nutrition, antibiotics, medications to reduce copper levels, and managing complications. Nursing care emphasizes rest, diet, intravenous fluids
How to relieve constipation in children quicklyIhsan Umraity
How to relieve constipation in children quickly - One of kid health problem is constipation. Children who have constipation or difficult in having bowel are generally not fatal case, especially in the age range of 2-3 years. Actually, this condition often affects children in general, but not all parents understand how to resolve constipation in children.
This document summarizes the case of a 1 month 18 day old male infant presenting with projectile vomiting for 7 days and abdominal distension for 3 days. On examination, the infant has a visible lump in the epigastrium. Based on examination findings and ultrasound results showing an elongated hypertrophic pylorus, the infant is diagnosed with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. He undergoes pyloromyotomy surgery and makes a good postoperative recovery.
This document discusses women's health issues related to menopause, osteoporosis, incontinence, and prolapse. It covers the stages of menopause and common symptoms. Treatment options discussed include hormone replacement therapy, lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, and medications. The document also discusses osteoporosis risk factors, diagnosis, and management including calcium/vitamin D, bisphosphonates, and PTH. Incontinence types and treatments including bladder retraining, physiotherapy, and surgery are outlined. Prolapse causes, types, surgeries, and postoperative physiotherapy are summarized as well.
Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to inadequate intake of protein and energy, commonly seen in infants and children. It ranges from marasmus characterized by weight loss to kwashiorkor with edema. Risk factors include social, economic, biological and environmental causes like poverty, infections, improper feeding. Free radicals and aflatoxins may damage liver cells and cause kwashiorkor. PEM results from direct causes like inadequate food intake and disease or indirect causes like food insecurity, poor sanitation and inadequate healthcare. Theories on the pathophysiology include adaptation and maladaptation, acute versus chronic effects, and free radical injury. PEM causes changes in body composition, metabolism, and anatomy.
Genetic influences on obesity developmenthelix1661
Obesity is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Hundreds of studies have found associations between obesity-related traits and various genes. While some forms of obesity are caused by single-gene mutations, most are influenced by multiple genetic and environmental contributions. Research using mouse models has linked over 160 genes to obesity when mutated. Overall, the goal is to better understand how combinations of genetic and environmental factors influence obesity risk.
This document discusses pediatric surgery and focuses on congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (CHPS). It describes CHPS as a condition that affects babies between birth and 6 months, causing forceful vomiting. The pathology involves hypertrophy of the pylorus muscle layer. Clinical features include projectile vomiting. Investigation may include ultrasound and barium meal. Treatment is resuscitation followed by Ramestedt pyloromyotomy surgery to cut the thickened pylorus muscle layer. Complications can include perforation or wound infection but recurrence is rare.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
PHYSIOLOGICAL and BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES AND NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANT LADYSakshi Singla
Physiological and biochemical changes occur in a pregnant woman's body to support the growth and development of the fetus. The woman's respiratory, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems undergo adaptations to meet increased demands. Nutrient needs are also altered to support the woman's health and the fetus's growth. Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy can harm both mother and baby, potentially leading to complications like anemia, preterm birth, or birth defects. A balanced diet with sufficient calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals is important for supporting the pregnancy.
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy including changes to body water metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hematologic system, endocrine system, and other organ systems. It also discusses conditions like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertension that can arise during pregnancy. IUGR is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile and can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Hypertension in pregnancy includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.
This document discusses nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, known as morning sickness, as well as the more severe condition of hyperemesis gravidarum. Morning sickness affects 70% of pregnancies, usually starting around weeks 6-8 and ending by week 12. Hyperemesis gravidarum is excessive vomiting that can interfere with nutrition and is seen in 0.5% of pregnancies. The cause is likely related to placental hormones like hCG and estrogen, though the exact etiology is unclear. Symptoms include increased vomiting, dehydration, and weight loss.
This document describes the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. It discusses changes in the vulva, vagina, uterus, breasts, skin, blood, metabolism, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, urinary system, alimentary system, nervous system, and weight gain. The major changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, softening of tissues like the cervix, hypertrophy of organs like the breasts, and temporary changes to skin pigmentation and the distribution of weight gain.
Physiologic changes of pregnancy lect 2.pptDeepak734373
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It covers changes to various body systems including anatomical changes to the uterus and pelvis. The cardiovascular system adapts through increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate. Respiration is also impacted through higher oxygen needs. Digestion slows due to hormonal effects. Metabolism increases to support the growing fetus and placental development. The reproductive system undergoes significant changes as the uterus enlarges over the course of pregnancy.
Physiologic changes of pregnancy lect 2.pptTemGemechu
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration to support the growing fetus. The uterus enlarges dramatically under the influence of hormones. Other systems like digestion and urination are impacted to accommodate pregnancy. Understanding these normal changes is important for health care providers to recognize pathological deviations and advise women appropriately during this period.
Physiologic changes of pregnancy lect 2.pptTemGemechu
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration to support the growing fetus. The uterus grows enormously under the influence of hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Other systems like digestion and urination are also affected as the body adapts to accommodate the pregnancy. The document provides an overview of normal anatomical and physiological adaptations to help medical professionals understand and monitor pregnancies.
The document summarizes several changes that occur in the body during pregnancy. In the respiratory system, the chest expands and the diaphragm is elevated due to the growing uterus. This can cause shortness of breath. The kidneys and bladder are also affected, with increased urinary frequency. Digestion is slowed, causing constipation, heartburn, and nausea in early pregnancy. Weight gain averages 12.5 kg by term, and joints loosen in preparation for birth. Skin pigmentation and vascular changes like linea nigra and palmar erythema also occur due to hormonal influences.
Review on dental management of pregnant patientTanzir Hasan
This document summarizes dental management considerations for pregnant patients. It discusses common oral health issues during pregnancy like gingivitis and hormonal changes. Treatment timing and safety of medications, radiographs, local anesthetics and other aspects of care are reviewed. The second trimester is generally safest for non-urgent dental work. Analgesics like acetaminophen are preferred over NSAIDs in the third trimester. Antibiotics like penicillin are usually considered safe. Nitrous oxide should be avoided in the first trimester.
Assessment and management of gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancyRustem Celami
This document discusses gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy. It provides an overview of common issues like nausea, vomiting, heartburn and constipation, which are usually mild but can sometimes require medical treatment. It then examines specific disorders in more depth, including hyperemesis gravidarum (severe nausea and vomiting), gastroesophageal reflux disease, constipation, cholelithiasis (gallstones), and cholestasis of pregnancy (itching and elevated liver enzymes). For each condition, it discusses the underlying causes, typical management approaches, and safety of medications during pregnancy.
The document discusses the various adaptations that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The hormones of pregnancy, enlarging uterus, and other factors cause adaptations in many body systems. The cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems all undergo changes to support the metabolic demands of the mother and developing fetus. The reproductive system, including the uterus, cervix, ovaries, vagina, and breasts, experience significant growth and changes to nurture fetal growth. Pregnancy results in signs and symptoms that can be detected through presumptive, probable, and positive evidence.
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple organ systems. Hormonal changes caused by increased estrogen and progesterone lead to adaptations in the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genital, urinary, endocrine and skin systems. Notable effects include increased blood volume, heart rate, and oxygen consumption. The uterus grows substantially and other organs are displaced. Renal function increases along with risk of urinary tract infections. Common skin changes are stretch marks, line nigra, and melasma. All changes help support the nutritional and oxygen needs of the developing fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancyDeepa Mishra
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
This document provides an outline for a course on preconception nutrition. It discusses topics like reproductive physiology, factors affecting fertility like nutritional status and contraceptive use, recommended nutrient intakes before conception, and conditions like PMS and obesity that can impact fertility. The key messages are that nutrition prior to conception is important for developing eggs and sperm and reducing risks during early pregnancy development. Maintaining a healthy weight and diet with adequate folate, iron and other nutrients can help support fertility and pregnancy outcomes.
the world wide pandemic of obesity is associated with different types of fertility implications. Obesity is widely prevalent in western countries but it is also affecting the poor and developing counties as well. Femal fertilty is affected by increasing PCOS and other pregnancy related complications. Adipokines are of abnormal value in thise women affecting ovulation Oocyte quality , fertilization etc. The chance of pregnancy complications in early trimester as well as late trimester in the form of pregnancy loss , hypertension Diabetes . increased incidence of opeerative delivery are increasing. The baby born to the obese women are also associated with increased morbidity. Male reproduction is also affected by various ways mainly physical and endrocrinological. Semen parameters are usually abnormal in obese men. Oloigoasthenospermia is an usual finding in obese subfertile men . Sexual activity is also seem to be reduced in both obese male and female .
The treatment of obesity is mainly by changes in lifestyle modifications . Some of the patients need pharmaco therapy like Orlistat, metformin etc approved by FDA. The who are morbidly obese might require Bariatic surgery though it is not the first line therapy. In conclusion one must remember the preventive steps
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxMonikaKosre
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
16. Heartburn is a retrosternal burning sensation that is felt by 30-70% of pregnant women that is increased by: 1. Multiple pregnancies 2. Polyhydramnios 3. Obesity 4. Spicy foods, alcohol and chocolate Clinical Implications: Heartburn can be limited by advising the client to take smaller meals, avoid spicy food, and limit movements such as excessive bending over Alterations in the GI System Related to Pregnancy: Heartburn
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37. Clinical implications involve education about position and encouraging the lateral recumbent position www.fotosearch.com Maternal Genitourinary Pathology (Blackburn, 2007)
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55. Effects on Increased GFR Levels on BUN BUN/Cr levels are ↓ so a woman who presents with normal BUN/Cr levels may actually have underlying renal disease. Maternal GFR/Kidney/Blood Flow/Electrolytes
62. Normal Fetal Development: Urinary System Tucker Blackburn, 2007, p. 392 Stages of fetal kidney development
63. Urinary System: Amount of Urine Formed In Relation to Gestational Age 2ml @ 10 weeks gestation 5ml @ 20 weeks gestation 10ml @ 30 weeks gestation 30ml @ 40 weeks gestation
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68. Normal Fetal Development: Gastrointestinal System Blackburn, S. Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology (3rd edition) pg 433
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73. Normal Neonate Development Gastrointestinal System Liver (Tucker Blackburn, 2007, p. 447) Liver portal blood flow is lower in the fetus, with shunting of a portion of the blood away from the portal sinuses and liver parenchyma and into the inferior vena cave via the ductus venosus The newborn liver accounts for about 5% of the infants weight Infants have a unique pathologic response to liver dysfunction, with active fibroblastic proliferation and early bile stasis that can alter the presentation of liver disorders Decreased bile flow (cholestasis) – often in association with a direct (conjugated) hyperbilirubinemia- is seen with many liver disorders
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86. Normal Neonate Development Gastrointestinal System Digestion and Absorption of Proteins and Carbs (Tucker Blackburn, 2007, p. 447) In spite of limitations, term infants and many preterm infants ingest absorb proteins relatively well Gastric acid secretion increases within 24 hours of birth and doubles by 2 months Salivary amylase activity at birth is 1/3 of that of adults Levels increase after 3-6 months of age and may be related to the addition of solid food in the infants diet
87. Normal Neonate Development Gastrointestinal System Digestion and Absorption of Proteins and Carbs (Tucker Blackburn, 2007, p. 447) Pancreatic amylase levels increase after 4-6 months Digestion of glucose polymers depends on salivary amylase, glucoamylase, and human milk amylase Lactase activity increases rapidly in late gestation and is adequate after 36 weeks gestation
88. (Tucker Blackburn, 2007, p. 452) Food and warmth are two of the most important controllable factors in determining survival and normal development Limitations of GI function in term and preterm neonates have major implications for the infant’s nutritional needs and the composition and method of feeding .
89. Genitourinary & Gastrointestinal Systems Congenital Defects Of the Anterior Abdominal Wall i.ehow.com/.../InfantSleepings-main_Full.jpg
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92. Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Anterior Abdominal Wall: Three Common Defects Omphalocele: herniation of the abdominal contents occurs as a midline wall defect; either central or epigastric Gastroschisis: herniation of small bowel occurs through a lateral wall defect, usually located to the right side of the midline Bladder Exstrophy: Failure of the fusion of the caudal fold with protrusion of the urinary bladder Multiple defects often occur simultaneously
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96. Omphalocele: The Omphalocele Sac The omphalocele is covered by a thin, avascular membrane (peritoneal membrane) ( Blackburn, 2007) The membrane may be intact or ruptured (Blackburn, 2007) An intact membrane protects the fetus from infection (Glassner,2009) http://bms.brown.edu/pedisurg/images/ImageBank/AbdWallDefects/omphalocele2.jpg
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98. Omphalocele: Associated Conditions In at least 50% of the cases, omphalocele is associated with chromosomal abnormalities; Most commonly trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 ( Creasy, 2009) 80% of affected fetuses have other major structural anomalies (Creasy, 2009) Omphalocele is a component of the pentalogy of Cantrell (Creasy, 2009) Congential heart disease and urinary tract problems are also commonly associated with omphalocele (Blackburn, 2007)
99. Omphalocele: Associated Conditions Omphalocele is also associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome http://www.bwcanz.org/images/7weeks.jpg (Blackburn, 2007)
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102. Clinical Implications of Omphalocele: Neonatal Followup Follow up of isolated omphalocele is based on growth and development: The neonate needs to be closely monitored for growth, weight gain and symptoms of gastroesphageal reflux (Glassner, 2009)
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105. Gastroschisis: Associated Complications Malrotation of the bowel leads to vascular compromise and volvulus bowel obstruction ischemia atresia Strictures Adhesions Baby with gastroschisis and associated atresia http://members.medscape.com/article/975583-overview
106. Gastroschisis: Treatment Treatment is staged surgical repair within a few days post delivery Successful reduction of the extruded intestine and closure of the abdominal wall depends on Turgor of the intestines Amount of inflammation—surgery not possible if intestines are inflamed, matted or turgid Size of the abdominal cavity Amount of edema Prognosis is excellent with a survival rate of 97%
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110. Bladder Exstrophy Epispadius: In males, the urethra may not be completely formed, is short, often split and the urethral opening is on the upper surface. Male patient with epispadias showing spadelike configuration of glans penis, incomplete foreskin, open bladder neck and dorsal urethral plate http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014971-overview Yerkes.
111. Bladder Exstrophy: Epispadius In females, the urethral opening is located between a split clitoris and labia minora. Female patient with epispadias showing anteriorly separated labias http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1014971-overview Yerkes.
112. Bladder Exstrophy Associated Renal Abnormalities Dorsal Chordee: The penis lies close against the abdomen with a slight downward curve Absence of a bladder neck and sphincter Small bladder capacity Abnormally positioned ureters that allow urine reflex back into the kidneys
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116. Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2007). Wong’s nursing care of infants and children (8th Ed.). St. Louis: Mosby-Elsevier.Louik, C., et. al. (2007, June 28). First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356 (26) 2675-83. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com.proxy.libraries.uc.edu/hww/jumpstart.jhtml?recid =0bc05f7a67b1790ed703702c05f6de98b3d4e341e11d0e533531dc93a9481930233117bdfed9dd8a&fmt=C Loynd A.M.,& Rosh A. J.(2009). Pregnancy, urinary tract infections. eMedicine. Retrieved October 2,2009, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/797066-overview Mahendra, A. (2006). Renal disease and pregnancy . Retrieved October 4, 2009 from Medscape http:// emedicine.medscape.com /article Mann, S., Blinman, T., & Douglas Wilson, R. (2008). Prenatal and postnatal management of omphalocele . Prenatal Diagnosis, 28(7), 626-632. Retrieved, October 1, 2009, from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.libraries.uc.edu Nawaz Khan, A. (2008). Omphalocele . eMedicine, Retrieved October 3, 2009, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/404182-overview Tucker Blackburn, S. (2007). Maternal, fetal, and neonatal physiology a clinical perspective . St. Louis Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Wang, Y., Gu Y, Lewis, D.F. (2008, November 15). Endothelial angiotensin II generation induced by placenta- derived factors from preeclampsia . Reproductive Science, 15(9), 932-938.