The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It covers changes to various body systems including anatomical changes to the uterus and pelvis. The cardiovascular system adapts through increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate. Respiration is also impacted through higher oxygen needs. Digestion slows due to hormonal effects. Metabolism increases to support the growing fetus and placental development. The reproductive system undergoes significant changes as the uterus enlarges over the course of pregnancy.
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple organ systems. Hormonal changes caused by increased estrogen and progesterone lead to adaptations in the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genital, urinary, endocrine and skin systems. Notable effects include increased blood volume, heart rate, and oxygen consumption. The uterus grows substantially and other organs are displaced. Renal function increases along with risk of urinary tract infections. Common skin changes are stretch marks, line nigra, and melasma. All changes help support the nutritional and oxygen needs of the developing fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancyDeepa Mishra
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
This document describes the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. It discusses changes in the vulva, vagina, uterus, breasts, skin, blood, metabolism, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, urinary system, alimentary system, nervous system, and weight gain. The major changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, softening of tissues like the cervix, hypertrophy of organs like the breasts, and temporary changes to skin pigmentation and the distribution of weight gain.
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxMonikaKosre
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
Physiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduatesthezaira
The document summarizes the physiological changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include enlargement and increased blood flow to the uterus, breasts, and major organs. Other changes are weight gain and fluid retention, increased blood volume and altered metabolism to support the growing fetus. The various body systems also adapt to pregnancy through respiratory alkalosis, circulatory adjustments and neurological/hormonal responses.
This document summarizes many of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Some key changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory changes like elevated diaphragm and decreased lung capacity, hormonal changes involving thyroid and adrenal function, urinary and digestive changes, and skin changes like hyperpigmentation. Pregnancy results in major adaptations to the mother's anatomy, physiology, and metabolism to support the development of the fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancy include changes in the genital organs, breasts, skin, abdomen, blood, metabolism, cardiovascular and urinary systems. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix and breasts enlarge and the blood volume increases significantly. Metabolism increases to support the growth of the fetus. The heart enlarges and cardiac output increases. Kidney function is enhanced and urinary frequency rises, especially later in pregnancy. Respiration is also impacted with higher oxygen needs.
Physiologic changes of pregnancy lect 2.pptpremanand s
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It covers changes to various body systems including anatomical changes to the uterus and pelvis. The cardiovascular system adapts with increased blood volume and cardiac output. Respiration increases to support higher oxygen needs. Hormonal changes impact metabolism and tissue growth. The kidneys filter more blood while the digestive, urinary and skin systems are affected by mechanical impacts and hormonal influences. Understanding these normal changes is important for advising women on symptoms and monitoring for complications.
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple organ systems. Hormonal changes caused by increased estrogen and progesterone lead to adaptations in the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genital, urinary, endocrine and skin systems. Notable effects include increased blood volume, heart rate, and oxygen consumption. The uterus grows substantially and other organs are displaced. Renal function increases along with risk of urinary tract infections. Common skin changes are stretch marks, line nigra, and melasma. All changes help support the nutritional and oxygen needs of the developing fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancyDeepa Mishra
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY
Deepa Mishra
Assistant Professor (OBG)
Pregnancy
Pregnancy usually occurs during 15-44 yrs of a woman.
Duration of pregnancy from LMP is 280 days or 40 weeks or 9 months and 7 days
Three trimester-
1st Trimester -0 -12 weeks
2nd trimester – 13-28 weeks
3rd trimester -29-40 weeks s
Physiological changes
Reproductive system
Hematological and Cardiovascular changes
Respiratory, Acid base balance, electrolyte changes
Urinary changes
GI changes
Metabolic changes
Skeletal and neurological changes
Skin changes
Endocrinal changes
Psychological changes
This document describes the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. It discusses changes in the vulva, vagina, uterus, breasts, skin, blood, metabolism, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, urinary system, alimentary system, nervous system, and weight gain. The major changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, softening of tissues like the cervix, hypertrophy of organs like the breasts, and temporary changes to skin pigmentation and the distribution of weight gain.
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxMonikaKosre
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
Physiology of Pregnancy for Undergraduatesthezaira
The document summarizes the physiological changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include enlargement and increased blood flow to the uterus, breasts, and major organs. Other changes are weight gain and fluid retention, increased blood volume and altered metabolism to support the growing fetus. The various body systems also adapt to pregnancy through respiratory alkalosis, circulatory adjustments and neurological/hormonal responses.
This document summarizes many of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Some key changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory changes like elevated diaphragm and decreased lung capacity, hormonal changes involving thyroid and adrenal function, urinary and digestive changes, and skin changes like hyperpigmentation. Pregnancy results in major adaptations to the mother's anatomy, physiology, and metabolism to support the development of the fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancy include changes in the genital organs, breasts, skin, abdomen, blood, metabolism, cardiovascular and urinary systems. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix and breasts enlarge and the blood volume increases significantly. Metabolism increases to support the growth of the fetus. The heart enlarges and cardiac output increases. Kidney function is enhanced and urinary frequency rises, especially later in pregnancy. Respiration is also impacted with higher oxygen needs.
Physiologic changes of pregnancy lect 2.pptpremanand s
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It covers changes to various body systems including anatomical changes to the uterus and pelvis. The cardiovascular system adapts with increased blood volume and cardiac output. Respiration increases to support higher oxygen needs. Hormonal changes impact metabolism and tissue growth. The kidneys filter more blood while the digestive, urinary and skin systems are affected by mechanical impacts and hormonal influences. Understanding these normal changes is important for advising women on symptoms and monitoring for complications.
Pregnancy causes significant physiological changes in nearly every organ system of the mother's body in order to support the development of the fetus. Major adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory and renal changes, hormonal alterations, and metabolic shifts to provide adequate nutrients to the growing baby. Most changes resolve after delivery, though some like skin pigmentation may persist in some women. Understanding normal maternal physiology is important to distinguish it from potential pathological conditions that could impact the health of the mother or fetus.
Antenatal care & changes during pregnancy1302011987
antenatal care with including all the changes during pregnancy with signs & symptoms of pregnancy. in this presentation i had cover all the topics related to pregnancy unit.
obstetric and gyneacology; Changes in pregnancy, cardiovascular changes, respiratory changes, endocrine changes, gastrointestinal changes, related organ changes in pregnancy. hormonal changes during pregnancy.
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy including changes to body water metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hematologic system, endocrine system, and other organ systems. It also discusses conditions like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertension that can arise during pregnancy. IUGR is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile and can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Hypertension in pregnancy includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration. The uterus grows significantly to accommodate the fetus, while other systems like renal and endocrine adapt to support the demands of pregnancy. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hCG in urine or blood from very early pregnancy, and ultrasound to visualize the developing fetus.
This document discusses the extensive physiological and anatomical changes that occur during normal human pregnancy. It provides details on adaptations in multiple organ systems to support the growth and development of the fetus. The main changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, anatomical changes to the uterus and cervix, hormonal changes involving hCG and estrogen, and metabolic adaptations to provide optimal nutrition for the fetus. All major body systems are impacted in ways that precisely meet the needs of pregnancy.
The document discusses the various adaptations that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The hormones of pregnancy, enlarging uterus, and other factors cause adaptations in many body systems. The cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems all undergo changes to support the metabolic demands of the mother and developing fetus. The reproductive system, including the uterus, cervix, ovaries, vagina, and breasts, experience significant growth and changes to nurture fetal growth. Pregnancy results in signs and symptoms that can be detected through presumptive, probable, and positive evidence.
PREGNANCY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.pptxAshraf Shaik
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The uterus grows enormously and its shape changes from globular to spherical. Other changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin and cutaneous changes, weight gain, respiratory alkalosis, and hormonal changes mediated by the placenta and pituitary gland. These changes help provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth.
Physiologic changes in pregnancy assighnment.pptxLando Elvis
Physiologic changes of pregnancy outlines the normal anatomical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus. There are significant cardiovascular, respiratory, hematologic, endocrine, urinary, gastrointestinal, integumentary, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system changes. The document discusses in detail the hormonal changes involved and their effects on various body systems. It emphasizes that these changes are normal adaptations to support pregnancy but may also increase risks for certain medical conditions if not properly managed.
Physiological changes during pregnancy allow the mother's body to support fetal growth and development. The cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and endocrine systems undergo remodeling. The cardiovascular system increases blood volume and cardiac output by 40% by the third trimester. The respiratory system compensates for increased oxygen needs through hyperventilation. Hormonal changes, like increased estrogen and progesterone, prepare the breasts, uterus, and other organs for childbirth. These adaptations maintain a healthy environment for the developing fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancy allow the mother's body to support fetal growth and development. The cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and endocrine systems undergo remodeling. The cardiovascular system increases blood volume and cardiac output by 40% by the third trimester. Respiration increases to meet higher oxygen needs. Hormonal changes, like increased progesterone and estrogen, prepare the uterus and breasts for birth. Overall, the adaptations sustain a healthy environment for the fetus throughout pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
Physiological changes during pregnancy can be extensive. The document summarizes several key changes:
1) The uterus grows enormously in size and weight to accommodate the growing fetus. Other genital organs like the cervix and breasts also see significant changes to support pregnancy and birth.
2) Extensive changes occur in many body systems like the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and endocrine systems to support the nutritional and oxygen needs of the mother and fetus. This includes increases in blood volume, cardiac output, kidney size and lung capacity.
3) Hormonal changes are also profound, with high levels of progesterone, estrogen and other placental hormones influencing many processes and organs across the body to sustain the pregnancy.
Pregnancy causes widespread physiological changes in the mother's body affecting nearly every organ system. These changes prepare the mother's body for pregnancy and support fetal growth and development. Major adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory and renal changes, hormonal and metabolic alterations to support increased nutritional demands, and anatomical changes in organs like the uterus and breasts. Most of these changes resolve after delivery, though some like skin changes may persist. Understanding normal physiological changes helps distinguish them from potential pathological conditions.
The document discusses several changes to various body systems during pregnancy. The cardiovascular system experiences increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate. The gastrointestinal system sees decreased motility and increased constipation. The respiratory system has elevated oxygen levels and increased breathing capacity. The endocrine system is significantly impacted by placental hormones like hCG, progesterone, estrogen, and human placental lactogen which regulate metabolism and fetal growth. The thyroid and adrenal glands also exhibit changes to meet increased demands.
Physiological changes in pregnancy. It includes changes in the genital organs, uterus, cardiovascular changes, respiratory, metabolic, alimentary, skin, skeleton, psychological changes, urinary changes and weight gain in pregnancy.
The document describes anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the female body during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include enlargement of the uterus, increased blood volume and cardiac output, changes in hormone levels that support pregnancy and fetal development, adaptations in the urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems to accommodate the growing fetus, and alterations in the endocrine system to meet increased nutritional demands.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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Pregnancy causes significant physiological changes in nearly every organ system of the mother's body in order to support the development of the fetus. Major adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory and renal changes, hormonal alterations, and metabolic shifts to provide adequate nutrients to the growing baby. Most changes resolve after delivery, though some like skin pigmentation may persist in some women. Understanding normal maternal physiology is important to distinguish it from potential pathological conditions that could impact the health of the mother or fetus.
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obstetric and gyneacology; Changes in pregnancy, cardiovascular changes, respiratory changes, endocrine changes, gastrointestinal changes, related organ changes in pregnancy. hormonal changes during pregnancy.
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy including changes to body water metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hematologic system, endocrine system, and other organ systems. It also discusses conditions like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertension that can arise during pregnancy. IUGR is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile and can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Hypertension in pregnancy includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.
Detailed account of the various changes that occur in maternal anatomy, physiology, and metabolism of pregnant women. These physiological changes are often very precise, and deviations of physiological responses can be a prelude to possible disease/infectious states. In this second part of Labor, we will examine the various systems of the human body,its altered states during pregnancy, and how those changes affect the woman preparing for delivery. Special care is imperative in properly determining the needs of an expecting mother, so developing an intimate, trusting relationship between the mother and fully understanding her physiological output will lead to the best chances of a successful delivery.
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration. The uterus grows significantly to accommodate the fetus, while other systems like renal and endocrine adapt to support the demands of pregnancy. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hCG in urine or blood from very early pregnancy, and ultrasound to visualize the developing fetus.
This document discusses the extensive physiological and anatomical changes that occur during normal human pregnancy. It provides details on adaptations in multiple organ systems to support the growth and development of the fetus. The main changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, anatomical changes to the uterus and cervix, hormonal changes involving hCG and estrogen, and metabolic adaptations to provide optimal nutrition for the fetus. All major body systems are impacted in ways that precisely meet the needs of pregnancy.
The document discusses the various adaptations that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The hormones of pregnancy, enlarging uterus, and other factors cause adaptations in many body systems. The cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems all undergo changes to support the metabolic demands of the mother and developing fetus. The reproductive system, including the uterus, cervix, ovaries, vagina, and breasts, experience significant growth and changes to nurture fetal growth. Pregnancy results in signs and symptoms that can be detected through presumptive, probable, and positive evidence.
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During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The uterus grows enormously and its shape changes from globular to spherical. Other changes include increased blood volume and cardiac output, skin and cutaneous changes, weight gain, respiratory alkalosis, and hormonal changes mediated by the placenta and pituitary gland. These changes help provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth.
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Physiologic changes of pregnancy outlines the normal anatomical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus. There are significant cardiovascular, respiratory, hematologic, endocrine, urinary, gastrointestinal, integumentary, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system changes. The document discusses in detail the hormonal changes involved and their effects on various body systems. It emphasizes that these changes are normal adaptations to support pregnancy but may also increase risks for certain medical conditions if not properly managed.
Physiological changes during pregnancy allow the mother's body to support fetal growth and development. The cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and endocrine systems undergo remodeling. The cardiovascular system increases blood volume and cardiac output by 40% by the third trimester. The respiratory system compensates for increased oxygen needs through hyperventilation. Hormonal changes, like increased estrogen and progesterone, prepare the breasts, uterus, and other organs for childbirth. These adaptations maintain a healthy environment for the developing fetus.
Physiological changes during pregnancy allow the mother's body to support fetal growth and development. The cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and endocrine systems undergo remodeling. The cardiovascular system increases blood volume and cardiac output by 40% by the third trimester. Respiration increases to meet higher oxygen needs. Hormonal changes, like increased progesterone and estrogen, prepare the uterus and breasts for birth. Overall, the adaptations sustain a healthy environment for the fetus throughout pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
Physiological changes during pregnancy can be extensive. The document summarizes several key changes:
1) The uterus grows enormously in size and weight to accommodate the growing fetus. Other genital organs like the cervix and breasts also see significant changes to support pregnancy and birth.
2) Extensive changes occur in many body systems like the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and endocrine systems to support the nutritional and oxygen needs of the mother and fetus. This includes increases in blood volume, cardiac output, kidney size and lung capacity.
3) Hormonal changes are also profound, with high levels of progesterone, estrogen and other placental hormones influencing many processes and organs across the body to sustain the pregnancy.
Pregnancy causes widespread physiological changes in the mother's body affecting nearly every organ system. These changes prepare the mother's body for pregnancy and support fetal growth and development. Major adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, respiratory and renal changes, hormonal and metabolic alterations to support increased nutritional demands, and anatomical changes in organs like the uterus and breasts. Most of these changes resolve after delivery, though some like skin changes may persist. Understanding normal physiological changes helps distinguish them from potential pathological conditions.
The document discusses several changes to various body systems during pregnancy. The cardiovascular system experiences increased blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate. The gastrointestinal system sees decreased motility and increased constipation. The respiratory system has elevated oxygen levels and increased breathing capacity. The endocrine system is significantly impacted by placental hormones like hCG, progesterone, estrogen, and human placental lactogen which regulate metabolism and fetal growth. The thyroid and adrenal glands also exhibit changes to meet increased demands.
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2. AIMS
TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES THAT
OCCUR DURING PREGNANCY
3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
IDENTIFY THE CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE
WITHIN THE UTERUS AND BODY SYSTEMS
DURING PREGNANCY
CONSIDER THE EFFECT THESE CHANGES HAVE
ON THE WOMAN
EXPLORE THE ROLE OF THE MIDWIFE WHEN
GIVING ADVISE TO THESE WOMEN
4. Objectives
Symptoms and physical findings of each
organ system
Physiologic versus pathologic changes
Diagnostic tests and interpretations
during physiological changes
5. UNDERSTANDING NEEDED
TO EXPLAIN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE TO THE
WOMAN
TO UNDERSTAND THE MINOR
DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY
RECOGNISE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN
ORDER TO REFER APPROPRIATELY
12. DEFINITION
THE CHANGES THAT TAKE PLACE IN
THE MATERNAL ORGAN SYSTEM IN
RESPONSE TO PREGNANCY.
TO ACCOMADATE THE PREGNANCY
AND TO PREPARE THE WOMAN FOR
LABOUR
13. Organ systems
Cardiovascular system
Pulmonary system
Genital tract
Urinary system
Endocrine system
Gastrointestinal Tract
Skin
14. CHANGES ARE DUE TO
ALTERATIONS IN
HORMONAL PRODUCTION
CIRCULATION
METABOLISM
15. HORMONES
OESTROGEN
Produced in corpus luteum
Produced by placenta after 12 weeks
Responsible for growth particularly of
uterus and breasts
16. progesterone
Produced in corpus luteum and then the
placenta
Relaxes smooth muscle
Inhibits uterine contractions until uterus is
prepared for labour
Regulates storage of body fat
17. Human chorionic gonadotrophic
Secreted from trophoblast of the
developing embryo
Maintains corpus luteum until placenta
takes over
Used in tests to confirm pregnancy
18. Human placental lactogen
Alters maternal metabolism
Diverts glucose to fetus
Mobilises free fatty acids from maternal
stores
19. RELAXIN
Released by corpus luteum then the
Placenta
Softens pelvic ligaments
Reduces myometrial tone
20. Changes to Body System
Changes to Body System
First Trimester
First Trimester
Baby begins to grow
Baby begins to grow
Increased urination
Increased urination
Changes with skin and
Changes with skin and
hair
hair
Thickening waistline
Thickening waistline
Nausea/fatigue
Nausea/fatigue
Second Trimester
Second Trimester
Baby
Baby’
’s weight increases
s weight increases
Energy level improves
Energy level improves
Heartburn
Heartburn
Leg cramps
Leg cramps
Pelvis relaxes causing SI
Pelvis relaxes causing SI
discomfort
discomfort
Third Trimester
Third Trimester
Baby has more rapid
Baby has more rapid
growth & weight gain
growth & weight gain
Backaches
Backaches
Swelling of the hands,
Swelling of the hands,
legs, and feet
legs, and feet
Breathlessness
Breathlessness
More frequent
More frequent
urination
urination
21. Maternal changes - anatomical
and physiological
Cardiovascular changes
increase in SV
increase in cardiac output
increase in HR at given work load
increase in blood volume (mostly during
latter half of pregnancy)
Uterus may compress large blood vessels
reducing venous return
Total Body water
24. Wajed Hatamleh RN, MSN, PhD.
Cardiovascular System
Heart shifts up and to the left
Hemoglobin stays the same (12-16 g/dL) initially
May drop down to 10 g/dL and still be normal
physiologic anemia.
Normal pregnancy Hgb is 10-14 g/dL later in
pregnancy
Decreased Hct (38-47%)
Normal pregnancy Hct is 32-42 later in pregnancy
Pulse rate may increase 10-15 beats.
Weight of uterus can cause supine hypotensive
syndrome.
26. Total body water
Increases 6-8 L
Increases by 40 %
Normal body water
2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular
¾ interstitial
¼ intravasular
2/3 increase is extravascular
27. Physiologic anemia of
pregnancy
Physiologic intravascular change
Plasma volume increases 50-70 %
Beginning by the 6th wk
RBC mass increases 20-35 %
Beginning by the 12th wk
Disproportionate increase in plasma volume
over RBC volume----Hemodilution
Despite erythrocyte production there is a
physiologic fall in the hemoglobin and
hematocrit readings
28. Iron deficiency anemia
With erythropoiesis of pregnancy, iron
requirements increase.
Because large amounts of iron may not be
available from body stores and may not be in
the diet
Supplementation is recommended to prevent
iron deficiency anemia
At term, Hemoglobin less than 10.0 is usually
due to iron deficiency anemia rather than the
hemodilution of pregnancy
29. Normal Iron Requirements
Total body iron content average in normal
adult females is 2gm
Iron requirement for normal pregnancy is 1
gm
200 mg is excreted
300 mg is transferred to fetus
500 mg is need for mom
Total volume of RBC inc is 450 ml
1 ml of RBCs contains 1.1 mg of iron
450 ml X 1.1 mg/ml = 500 mg
Daily average is 6-7 mg/day
Small intervals between pregnancies are
most concerning
31. Respiratory Changes
Respiratory Changes
Respiratory capacity
Respiratory capacity
increases
increases
Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath
Pulmonary reserve
Pulmonary reserve
decreases
decreases
Increased risk of
Increased risk of
muscle soreness
muscle soreness
Tendency to
Tendency to
hyperventilate
hyperventilate
RESULT
RESULT adjust the intensity level and duration of exercise
adjust the intensity level and duration of exercise
32. Physiologic changes -
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
increase respiratory rate
increased oxygen consumption
common are nasal stuffiness,
nosebleeds due to Increased
vascular swelling to nose
33. Respiratory
Consumption
O2 consumption Increases 15-20 %
50 % of this increase is required by the uterus
Despite increase in oxygen requirements, with the
increase in Cardiac Output and increase in
alveolar ventilation oxygen consumption exceeds
the requirements.
Therefore, arteriovenous oxygen difference falls
and arterial PCO2 falls.
34. Physiologic changes -
GASTROINTESTINAL
Digestive system slow due to
progesterone
Nausea and vomiting
Ptyalism: increase salivation
Heartburn
Hemorrhoids
Prolonged gallbladder emptying time
may lead to gall stones
Bile salt buildup may lead to itching.
35. Gastrointestinal Tract
Displacement of the stomach and intestines
Appendix can be displaced to reach the right
flank
Gastric emptying and intestinal transit times
are delayed secondary to hormonal and
mechanical factors
Pyrosis is common due to the reflux of
secretions
Vascular swelling of the gums
Hemorrhoids due to elevated pressure in
veins
36. Digestive Changes
Digestive Changes
Digestive system slows
Digestive system slows
Intestines are pushed up
Intestines are pushed up
and to the sides
and to the sides
Smooth muscle of the
Smooth muscle of the
stomach relaxes and can
stomach relaxes and can
cause heartburn
cause heartburn
Constipation and hemorrhoids are
Constipation and hemorrhoids are
common during pregnancy
common during pregnancy
Morning sickness
Morning sickness
37. Physiologic changes -
METABOLISM
BMR increases by 20-25 % during
pregnancy
Recommended weight gain – 25-35
lb
Overweight – 15-25 lb
Underweight – 25-35 lb
Need for increased iron, calcium,
38. Metabolic Changes
Insulin level
Carbohydrate utilization during exercise
as weight increases
Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin
Caloric requirements by ~ 300
calories/day
Protein and fluid requirements
INCREASES IN:
39. Genital Tract
Increased vascularity and hyperemia
Vagina
Perineum
Vulva
Increased secretions
Characteristic violet color of the vagina
Chadwick’s sign
Increased length to the vaginal wall
Hypertrophy of the papillae of the vaginal
mucosa
40. Physiologic changes in
pregnancy - Reproductive system
Uterus –
Enlarges : esp fundal area thickens, then thins
later in preg
Umbilicus by 20 weeks
Xyphoid by 36 weeks fundus, Braxton-Hicks
irregular contractions after 4 months
Cervix – mucous plug, Goodell’s sign, Chadwick’s
sign
Ovaries –after 11 weeks, the plac prod progesterone
and estrogen
41. Changes in the cervix
Length remains the same
Increase in width
Softening after third month due to
oestrogen
Increased vascularity
Increased cervical mucosa
Increased glandular function
42. changes in size
uterus grows to 30x23x20 at term
weight increases to 900gms
hypertrophy.. Oestrogen causes cells to
increase until 20 weeks gestation
Hyperplasia:- number of cells increase
under the influence of oestrogen
.
43. After 20 weeks gestation
Uterine muscle tissue stretches to allow
fetus to grow
Progesterone relaxes the smooth
muscles enabling it to stretch
45. Changes in the shape of the
uterus
Isthmus elongates during the 1st 10
weeks like a stalk
From 7mm to 2.5cms at 10 weeks
Later becomes the lower segment with
the globular uterus sitting on top
46. ORGANISATION OF MUSCLE FIBRES
Inner circular layer
Surrounds cornua, lower uterine segment and
cervix
Middle layer
Oblique, crisscross arrangement involved in
contractions to expel fetus
Outer longitudinal layer
Contracts and retracts thickening the upper
segment
47. BY 12 WEEKS
Uterus is upright and leans slightly to
the right
No longer a pelvic organ
Uterus may be palpable above the
pubic bone
Fetus now occupies most of the uterine
cavity
Placenta now developed
48. 2ND TRIMESTA
Development of the upper and lower
uterine segment
Upper segment, thicker containing
oblique muscles
Lower segment formed from the
isthmus contains circular and
longitudinal muscles
Uterus is pear shaped again
Braxton Hicks contractions
49. 3rd TRIMESTA
Lower segment formed from isthmus
and contains longitudinal fibres
Upper segment thick and contains
oblique muscle fibres
By 36 weeks lower segment measures
8-10cms
Engagement
By 38 weeks the cervix is taken up into
the lower segment
50. BLOOD CHANGES
Increase in oestrogen:
new blood vessels formed
growth of existing ones
Therefore an increase in blood volume.
51. BLOOD SUPPLY TO
UTERUS
Blood supply pre pregnancy =
10mls/min
At 40weeks 800 – 900mls/min
20% of cardiac output goes to uterus
52. Blood volume: from 5 litres to 7.5
total volume up by 40-50%
Red cell mass: rises constantly throughout
pregancy
Up by 20% by end of
pregnancy
53. PLASMA VOLUME
Increases from 10th week of pregnancy
variable related to parity, fetal weight and
number
Reaches maximum level approx 50%
above non-pregnant levels at 32-34 weeks
then maintained
54. 50% rise in plasma volume
20% rise in red cell mass
Heamodilution: Physiological anaemia
Most apparent at 32-34 weeks
55. RENAL SYSTEM
DILATION OF THE RENAL VESSELS
DUE THE EFFECTS OF
PROGESTERONE
INCREASED RENAL BLOOD FLOW
GFR INCREASES BY 60% IN EARLY
PREGNANCY
SIZE OF PORES INCREASED
56. Urinary Changes
Kidneys grow and filter more
blood as the blood volume
increases
Become more susceptible to
bladder and kidney infections
Bladder becomes compressed
causing frequent urination and
incontinence
58. Endocrine
Normal pregnancy physiology shows
“lower lows and higher highs”
Postprandial hyperglycemia
To ensure sustained glucose levels for fetus
Accelerated starvation
Early switch from glucose to lipids for fuels
Insulin resistance promotes hyperglycemia
Resistance-Reduced peripheral uptake of glucose
for a given dose of insulin
Mild fasting hypoglycemia occurs with
elevated FFA, triglycerides,and cholesterol
59.
60. WATER, WATER, WATER
Provide a ready source of water
Encourage frequent water breaks
Hydration is a major concern
during maternal exercise.
61. Insulin resistance
Anti-insulin environment is aided by:
placental lactogen
Like growth hormone
Increases lipolysis and FFA
Increases tissue resistance to insulin
Increased unbound cortisol
Estrogen and Progesterone may also
exert some anti-insulin effects
62. Thyroid
Estrogen stimulates Increase in TBG
Total T3 and T4 are increased
However the active hormones remains unchanged
hCG stimulates thyroid
TSH is reduced
Iodine deficient state
Due to Increased renal clearance
To rule out pathologic changes
Early in pregnancy TSH can be used
Later free T4 is needed
63. Liver
Liver morphology unchanged
Lab Tests similar to liver disease
Alkaline phosphatase doubles
AST, ALT, GGT and bilirubin are slightly
lower
Decreased plasma albumin
64. Gallbladder
Impaired contraction
High residual volumes
Promotion of stasis
Stasis associated with increased
cholesterol saturation of pregnancy,
supports predisposition of stones
Intrahepatic cholestasis
Retained bile salts-pruritus gravidarum
65. Wajed Hatamleh RN, MSN, PhD.
Physiologic changes -
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
These result from stretching of the skin and
hormonal changes
Linea nigra: pigmentation down middle
line of abd
Chloasma – “mask of pregnancy”
Straie: stretch marks of abd, breasts,
thighs and buttocks
Sweating
67. Skin Changes
Stretch marks
Dark pigmented line on there abdomen
which is called Linea Nigra
Pigment changes on their face and neck
Small blood vessels in the face, neck
and upper chest
MOST OF THESE RESOLVE AFTER
PREGNANCY
70. Melasma
Also known as the mask of pregnancy
More common in dark skin people
More pronounced in the summer
Fades a few months after delivery
Repeated pregnancy can intensify
Can occur in normal non-pregnant
women with harmless hormonal
imbalances or women on OCPs or depo
75. Breast Changes
Nipples become larger and darker
A thick yellowish fluid can be expressed
from the nipple
Early in pregnancy,
tenderness and tightness
is common
After 8 weeks, breasts
grow and blood vessels
often are visible
76. Wajed Hatamleh RN, MSN, PhD.
MS system
Joint relaxation
Posture changes -lordosis/center of
gravity Back ache
Diastasis recti: separation of rectus
abdominous
Leg cramp due to calcium, and
stretching
77. Pelvic Floor Muscle Functions
Maintain alignment and support of
internal organs
Control of urine flow
Sexual enhancement
Eliminate waste from rectum
Improve recovery from episiotomy
79. Biomechanical Changes
Weight distribution shifts
Joint movement
Balance of muscle strength
Spinal curves increase
Joint laxity becomes greater
More structural discomfort
Increased potential for nerve compression
80. Potential for Injury
Nerve compression
syndromes
Low back discomforts or
pelvic pain
Upper back fatigue
Lower extremity
Pelvic floor function
81. Postural Dynamics
Increased curve of the waist
Top of pelvis tilts forward
More flexion in the hip joint
Increased hunching in the
upper back and neck
Tailbone is pushed back
82. Muscles Affected
Overstretching & weakening of gluteal
muscles & hamstrings
Overstretching & weakening of abdominal
muscles & pelvic floor
Overstretching & weakening of upper back
muscles
Shortening and tightening of low back & hip
flexors muscles
Shortening of upper back flexors & pectoral
muscles
83. Wajed Hatamleh RN, MSN, PhD.
Neurological and sensory
Decreased intraoccular pressure
Corneal thickening
Altered sense of smell
Decreased attention span
Problems with memory
Altered CNS physiology leading to
mood disturbance.
84. Combat Effects of Gravity/
Hormones
Do pelvic tilts
Alter the stance
Shorten the jog stride
Lower or eliminate the
step in aerobics
Avoid rapid leg
abduction
Avoid breast stroke kick
in swimming
Recognize tolerance for
activities will vary
Do pelvic floor
exercises to prevent
trauma
Emphasize
strengthening &
stretching exercises
Wear abdominal
support/ sports bra
when exercising for
support
85. Changes to Body System
First Trimester
Baby begins to grow
Increased urination
Changes with skin and hair
Thickening waistline
Nausea/fatigue
Second Trimester
Baby’s weight increases
Energy level improves
Heartburn
Leg cramps
Pelvis relaxes causing SI
discomfort
Third Trimester
Baby has more rapid
growth & weight gain
Backaches
Swelling of the hands, legs,
and feet
Breathlessness
More frequent urination