Lec66(reproductive system)
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Pregnancy causes anatomical changes like enlargement of the uterus and weight gain. Metabolic changes like increased thyroid and breast maturation occur due to hormones from the placenta. Physiological changes impact many systems - morning sickness is common, kidneys work harder, breathing becomes strained. During labor, contractions dilate the cervix until birth, then the placenta is delivered. The infant is assessed with Apgar scores. Lactation is stimulated by hormones to provide breast milk advantages to the newborn.
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During pregnancy, the endocrine system undergoes several changes. The anterior pituitary enlarges due to increased lactotroph cells. Gonadotroph and somatotroph levels decrease while ACTH increases and then drops before delivery. The thyroid gland increases in size due to hCG and estrogen. The adrenal glands increase cortisol secretion due to higher ACTH levels. Hormones produced include hCG, progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, oxytocin and prolactin, each playing an important role in fetal development, uterine changes, and preparing the body for delivery. Hormone levels fluctuate through the three trimesters to support the ongoing changes.
Physiological changes in pregnancy
This document discusses the major physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It begins by noting the differences between adult females and males, and how pregnancy aims to maximize nutrition and oxygen delivery to the fetus. It then outlines the major systemic adaptations, including increased blood volume, cardiovascular changes, respiratory changes, renal changes, changes to the alimentary tract, reproductive organs, and endocrine system. Specific hormonal changes are also discussed, including human chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid function. The document concludes by covering symptoms, signs, and investigations used to diagnose pregnancy.
Phsiology Of Pregnancy, Female Pelvic Anatomy Mob: 7289915430, www.drpradeepgarg
The document discusses diagnosis and physiology of pregnancy. It covers signs and symptoms of pregnancy in each trimester. Physiological changes include enlargement of the uterus, breast changes, weight gain, increased blood volume and cardiac output. Hormones produced by the placenta like HCG, HPL and progesterone help maintain pregnancy and influence maternal physiology. The kidneys and thyroid also undergo changes to accommodate the demands of pregnancy.
Normal pregnancy notes
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
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Lec66(reproductive system)
- 3. Female reproductive organ engorged with blood
- 4. Enlargements of the uterus
- 5. Lordosis (Accentuated lumbar curvature)
- 6. Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of relaxin from placenta
- 8. Placenta secrete human placental lactogen (hPL)
- 9. hPL together with estrogen and progesterone stimulate maturation of the breast for lactation
- 10. Promote growth of fetus
- 11. Placenta also releases human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT)
- 14. Morning sickness is common due to elevated progesterone
- 15. Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by the fetus
- 17. Urinary System
- 18. Kidneys have additional burden and produce more urine
- 21. Nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen
- 24. Body water rises
- 25. Blood volume increases by 25 to 40 percent
- 26. Blood pressure and pulse increase
- 30. Stimulates the myometrial cells to form abundant oxytocin receptor
- 33. The placenta releases prostaglandins
- 34. Oxytocin is released from fetus and the pituitary
- 37. The time from labor’s onset until the cervix is fully dilated by the baby’s head
- 38. Uterine contractions begin and increase
- 39. The amnion ruptures, event commonly called “breaking the water”
- 41. Lasts from full dilation to delivery of the infant
- 42. Strong contraction occur every 2 – 3 min and last about 1 min
- 43. This period may last 2 hours
- 44. An episiotomy may be done to reduce tissue tearing
- 46. Delivery of the placenta and its attached fetal membrane
- 48. Adjustment of infant to extrauterine life For the first few minutes after birth, the infant’s physical status assessed based on HR Respiration Color Muscle tone Reflexes Apgar score of 8 – 10 indicates a healthy baby
- 49. Lactation Lactation is production of milk by the hormone prepared mammary glands Rising levels of placental estrogen, progesterone and hPL stimulate the hypothalamus to release PRF (prolactin releasing factor) The anterior pituitary responds by secreting prolactin The first three following birth, the mammary glands secrete colostrum
- 50. Milk production and the positive feedback mechanism
- 51. Advantages of breast milk to the infant Its fats and iron are better absorbed and its amino acids are metabolized more efficiently than those of cows milk It has beneficial chemicals, including IgA, lysozyme, interleukins and lactoperoxidase Its natural laxative effects helps to cleanse the bowels of meconium. A green black paste containing sloughed off epithelial cells, bile and other substances