This document discusses x-ray physics and the process of producing radiographs. It begins with a brief history of x-rays being discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen. It then describes how x-rays are produced in an x-ray machine through heating a filament which releases electrons that hit a target, producing x-rays. These x-rays pass through the patient and expose radiographic film, forming an image based on absorption and scattering. The film is then developed through a process of developing, fixing, washing and drying to produce the final radiograph.

1. Prepared by:
Nikul pithva
(151080119021)
Guided by:-
Medha shah
X-ray physicsX-ray physics

2. ContentContent
 Introduction, history and basic physics.Introduction, history and basic physics.
 How radiograph produce.How radiograph produce.
 Interaction of x-ray with patient.Interaction of x-ray with patient.
 Formation of the image.Formation of the image.
 Processing the film.Processing the film.

3. Discovery of x-raysDiscovery of x-rays
 Discovered in 1895 by German physicistDiscovered in 1895 by German physicist
named Wilhelm Roentgen.named Wilhelm Roentgen.
 He found shadow of his bone on fluorescentHe found shadow of his bone on fluorescent
screen.screen.
Introduction, history and basicIntroduction, history and basic
physics.physics.
 X-rays are a form of electromagneticX-rays are a form of electromagnetic
radiation similar to visible light but withradiation similar to visible light but with
short wave length.short wave length.

4. Properties of x-raysProperties of x-rays
 Are electromagneticAre electromagnetic
radiations composed ofradiations composed of
small packets of energysmall packets of energy
called photons.called photons.
 Travel at speed of light.Travel at speed of light.
 Travel in straight lines.Travel in straight lines.
 Highly penetrating.Highly penetrating.
 Invisible.Invisible.
 Blacken radiographicBlacken radiographic
films.films.
 Produce scatter.Produce scatter.

5. Production of radiographProduction of radiograph
 X-ray are produced in the machine.X-ray are produced in the machine.
 X-ray interact with the patient.X-ray interact with the patient.
 Image is recorded in the x-ray plate.Image is recorded in the x-ray plate.
How radiographs are producedHow radiographs are produced

6. Production of the x-ray radiationsProduction of the x-ray radiations
on the machine.on the machine.
Steps in x-ray production:-Steps in x-ray production:-
Filament is heated and gives off cloud of electrons.Filament is heated and gives off cloud of electrons.
A large electrical charge is placed in the cathode/anode spaceA large electrical charge is placed in the cathode/anode space
causing the electrons to race toward the anode.causing the electrons to race toward the anode.
When they crush into the anode it causes x-ray to be given off.When they crush into the anode it causes x-ray to be given off.

9. X-ray tube headX-ray tube head
Stationary anode.Stationary anode.
 Found in smallerFound in smaller
machines.machines.
 The target is fixed inThe target is fixed in
block of copper.block of copper.
 Only capable of lowOnly capable of low
output.output.
 mA to 30mA to 30
Rotating anode.Rotating anode.
 Found in large machines.Found in large machines.
 The target is rotate inThe target is rotate in
tungsten disc.tungsten disc.
 Higher outputHigher output
producing.producing.
 mA up to 300mA up to 300

10. Control panelControl panel
 Higher kv attract the electrons toward the anode byHigher kv attract the electrons toward the anode by
greater force.greater force.
 They smash the anode harder and produce x-ray withThey smash the anode harder and produce x-ray with
higher energy and greater tissue penetrating power.higher energy and greater tissue penetrating power.
 Increasing mA increase the number of electrons cloudIncreasing mA increase the number of electrons cloud
around the filament. Result in higher number of x-rayaround the filament. Result in higher number of x-ray
produced per second.produced per second.

11. How x-ray interact with patients.How x-ray interact with patients.
Three things occurred:Three things occurred:
Some x-rays absorbed.Some x-rays absorbed.
Some pass straight through the patient.Some pass straight through the patient.
Some scattered.Some scattered.
Depend on three things:Depend on three things:
X-ray energy. In high kv most of x-rays pass to the film throughX-ray energy. In high kv most of x-rays pass to the film through
the patient.the patient.
Atomic number of the absorber.Atomic number of the absorber.
Thickness and density of the object.Thickness and density of the object.

12. How image is formedHow image is formed
As an x-ray beam leave the tube head, it fans out andAs an x-ray beam leave the tube head, it fans out and
become weaker.become weaker.
As the distance double, the strength is reduced.As the distance double, the strength is reduced.
Formation of the image:Formation of the image:
The distance from the anode target to the film is calledThe distance from the anode target to the film is called
the film focal distance.the film focal distance.
Changing the distance affect the quantity of the x-rayChanging the distance affect the quantity of the x-ray
reaching the film.reaching the film.
Increasing the distance means that less x-rays reachesIncreasing the distance means that less x-rays reaches
the film.the film.

13. Processing filmsProcessing films
There are five steps:There are five steps:
Developing.Developing.
Rinsing,Rinsing,
Fixing.Fixing.
Washing.Washing.
Drying.Drying.
Development:Development:
Chemical convert the exposed AgBr in to metallic silver.Chemical convert the exposed AgBr in to metallic silver.
The bromine goes into solution.The bromine goes into solution.
Unexposed AgBr is less affected.Unexposed AgBr is less affected.

14. Rinsing:Rinsing:
 Essential to rinse of the developer solution so that the fixerEssential to rinse of the developer solution so that the fixer
solution is not contaminated.solution is not contaminated.
 Contamination ::leads to faster exhaustion of the fixer.Contamination ::leads to faster exhaustion of the fixer.
Fixing:Fixing:
 Stops development.Stops development.
 Washes away unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals.Washes away unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals.
 Hardens the emulsion.Hardens the emulsion.
Washing:Washing: To wash all traces of fixer from emulsionTo wash all traces of fixer from emulsion..
Draying:Draying:
Hang up in dust free area to dry.
Automatic processors by it by using hot air.