One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Local anaesthesia for children (dentistry)jhansi mutyala
When pain free reliable local anaesthesia is achieved in children confidence is gained by both the child and operator, and a sound satisfactory professional relationship is established. it includes all new tecniques of LA how to use them and their complications, composition, dosage, mechanisam of action
Local Anesthesia in childs , dentistry for adoleclsencehanimortezaeee
injection is the dental procedure that produces the greatest negative response in children.
Topical anesthetics are available in gel, liquid, ointment, and pressurized spray forms. However, the pleasant-tasting and quick-acting liquid, gel, or ointment preparations seem to be preferred by most dentists.
Ethyl aminobenzoate (benzocaine) liquid, ointment, or gel preparations are probably best suited for topical anesthesia in dentistry.
The mucosa at the site of the intended needle insertion is dried with gauze, and a small amount of the topical anesthetic agent is applied to the tissue with a cotton swab. Topical anesthesia usually produces an effect within 30 seconds, although keeping it in place between 2 and 3 minutes may provide the best results
The jet injection instrument is based on the principle that small quantities of liquids forced through very small openings under high pressure can penetrate the mucous membrane or skin without causing excessive tissue trauma.
Jet injection produces surface anesthesia instantly and is used instead of topical anesthetics by some dentists.
The method is quick and essentially painless; however the abruptness of the injection may produce momentary anxiety in the patient. This technique is also useful for obtaining gingival anesthesia before a rubber dam clamp is placed for isolation procedures
INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK (CONVENTIONAL MANDIBULAR BLOCK)
the mandibular foramen is situated at a level lower than the occlusal plane of the primary teeth of the pediatric patient. Therefore the injection must be made slightly lower and more posteriorly than for an adult patient.
An accepted technique is one in which the thumb is laid on the occlusal surface of the molar, with the tip of the thumb resting on the internal oblique ridge and the ball of the thumb resting in the retromolar fossa.
The barrel of the syringe should be directed on a plane between the two primary molars on the opposite side of the arch.
The depth of insertion averages about 15 mm but varies with the size of the mandible
Approximately 1 mL of the solution should be deposited around the inferior alveolar ne
Lingual nerve block
One can block the lingual nerve by bringing the syringe to the opposite side with the injection of a small quantity of the solution as the needle is withdrawn. If small amounts of anesthetic are injected during insertion and withdrawal of the needle for the inferior alveolar nerve block, the lingual nerve will invariably be anesthetized as well.
Long buccal nerve block
A small quantity of the solution may be deposited in the mucobuccal fold at a point distal and buccal to the last tooth
All facial mandibular gingival tissue on the side that has been injected will be anesthetized for operative procedures, with the possible exception of the tissue facial to the central and lateral incisors, which may receive innervation from ove
SUPRAPERIOSTEAL TECHNIQUE (LOCAL INFILTRATION) The injection sho
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. DEFINITION
“Transient loss of sensation in a
circumscribed area of the body caused by
a depression of excitation in nerve endings
or an inhibition of the conduction process
in peripheral nerves.”
(MALAMED,1980)
3. CLASSIFICATION
1. BASED ON COMPOSITION
BENZBOIAC SACEIDD E SOTENR SCOPMARPA OAMSINIOT IBOENNZOIC
ACID ESTERS
Cocaine Procaine
Benzocaine Propoxycaine
Butacaine Chlorprocaine
5. 2.BASED ON MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
TOPICAL INJECTABLE
Benzocaine Procaine
Lignocaine Lignocaine
6. 3.BASED ON ITS DURATION
SHORT ACTING INTERMEDIATE
ACTING
LONG ACTING
Procaine Lidocaine Bupivacaine
4.BASED ON ITS SOURCE
NATURAL SYNTHETIC
Cocaine Lidocaine
7. 5.BASED ON ITS POTENCY
VERY POTENT MODERATELY POTENT
Etidocaine Lidocaine
9. • LOCAL ANASTHETIC AGENT
Lignocaine hydrochloride 2% is most commony used local
anesthetic agent.
2% lignocaine mean 2 mg in 100 ml
USES- Conduction block
• VASOCONSTRICTORS
Adrenaline in the concentration of 1:50000 to 1:200000 is commonly
used.
1:200000 means1 gm in------------- 200000 ml
USES
Delays absorption of LA from the site.
Provides blood less field.
Prolongs the actions.
Reduces the systemic toxicity.
10. • REDUCING AGENT
Sodium metabisulphite is used to prevent the oxidation of the
vasoconstrictor.
• PRESERVATIVES
Methylparaben
It increases the shelf life of the anesthetic solution
Acts as a bacteriostatic agent
• FUNGICIDE
Thymol is used as fungicide
• VEHICLE
Modified ringer’s solution or distilled water is used as
vehicle.
It produces the volume of the solution and act as
diluent.
11. MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED DOSES
• 4.4 mg/kg body weight with Adrenaline
• 7.5 mg/kg body weight without Adrenaline
DOSE CALCULATION
• % CONCENTRATION(mg/ml) x ml/cartridge = total mg/cartridge
FOR EG: In a 10 kg child
if 1 kg =4.4mg
Then 10kg =44mg
20 mg =1ml (2% lignocaine)
Then 44mg =2.2 ml
So in a child of 10 kg maximum recommended dose
of LA is 2.2 ml.
12. TECHNIQUES OF ADMINISTRATION
LOCAL INFILTRATION
• Small terminal nerve endings in the area of surgery are flooded with
LA solution rendering them insensitive to pain. In this method,
insertion is made through the same area in which the solution has
been deposited.
• This technique is usually successful for treatment of mandibular
deciduous canines, incisors and even in molars.
13. FIELD BLOCK
• Here the LA solution is deposited in proximity to the
large terminal nerve branches so that the area to be
anesthetized is circumscribed to prevent the central
passage of afferent impulse
• Maxillary injections administered above the apex of the
tooth can be termed field blocks
14. NERVE BLOCK
• Method of securing local analgesia in which suitable
local anesthetic solution is deposited within close
proximity to the main nerve trunk, thus preventing nerve
impulses from travelling centrally beyond that point.
16. The child should never see the
injection needle
This creates anxiety and fear
towards dental treatment
Keep the syringe away
from the Line of sight
of the patient
19. SUPRAPERIOSTEAL INJECTION
• Most frequently used technique for obtaining pulpal
anesthesia in maxillary teeth.
• Indicated whenever dental procedures are confined to
only one or two teeth.
20. PROCEDURE
• Prepare the tissue at the injection site.
• Orient the needle so that bevel faces the bone.
• Lift the lip, pulling the tissue taut.
• Hold the needle parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
• Insert the needle into the height of the mucobuccal fold over the
target tooth.
• Advance the needle until its bevel is at or above the apical region of
the tooth.
• Aspirate 2 times.
• If negative, deposit approximate 0.6 ml of LA over 20 seconds.
• Slowly withdraw the syringe.
• Make the needle safe.
• Wait for 3 to 5 minutes before starting the dental procedure.
22. INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE BLOCK
• Needle Used – 25 Gauge
• Nerves Anesthetized –
Inferior Alveolar Nerve
Lingual Nerve
• Site Of Injection –
Region where the IAN enters the mandible through the
Mandibular Foramen
• Amount of solution deposited – 1 to 1.8 ml
23. TECHNIQUE
• 25 gauge needle is used
• Area of insertion – Mucous membrane on the medial
side of the mandibular ramus near the mandibular
foramen.
• Target area – Inferior alveolar nerve as it passes
downward towards the mandibular foramen but before it
enters the foramen.
24. PROCEDURE
• With the left thumb, palpate the coronoid notch.
• With the same finger, pull the buccal soft tissue laterally
to gain visibility and make the tissue taut.
• The needle insertion point lies three fourths the
anteroposterior distance from the coronoid notch to the
deepest portion of pterygomandibular raphae.
• Prepare the tissue of injection site
25. • Place the barrel of the syringe in the corner of the mouth
on the contralateral side.
• Penetrate the tissue with the needle and slowly
advance till bony resistance is felt.
• Average depth of penetration is 20 – 25 mm
• When bone is contacted, withdraw 1 mm to prevent sub-periosteal
injection.
• Aspirate.
• If negative, slowly deposit 1.5 ml of anesthetic over a
period of 1 minute.
• Slowly withdraw the syringe till half of its length
remains in the tissue.
26. • Re-aspirate.
• If negative, deposit a portion of remaining anesthetic (.1
ml) to anesthetize lingual nerve.
• Withdraw the syringe slowly and make the needle safe.
• After about 20 seconds, return the patient to upright or
semi-upright position.
• Wait for 3 to 5 minutes before commencing the dental
procedure.
27. TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
• It is the method of obtaining anesthesia by the
application of suitable agent to an area of either the skin
or mucous membrane through which it penetrates to
anesthetize superficial nerve endings.
• It is commonly used to obtain anesthesia of the mucosa
prior to injection.
28. PROCEDURE
•Dry the area of application (mucous membrane).
•Spray an appropriate quantity of the solution into a small
cotton roll.
•Place the cotton role on the site of injection in the sulcus.
•Wait for 1 minute before inserting the needle to allow the
topical anesthetic to act.
29. Complications Of LA
(Pediatric Patient)
NUMB FEELING
• Invites the possibility of an unnecessary emotional
upset of the child.
How to Avoid ?
• The dentist should explain beforehand to the child that
he/she will experience the numbness after the
administration of LA.
30. LIP BITING
How to avoid ?
• Warning should be given immediately following injection
procedure. Warning should be repeated before the
child leaves the dental chair.
• Parents should also be warned about this
possible complication if not attended
properly.
31. Complication due to Injection of LOCAL
ANESTHETIC SOLUTION
• 3 TYPES –
1. Method of deposition of the drug
2. Drug dosage dependent reactions
3. Hypersensitivity reactions
32. Method Of Deposition Of Drug
Vasovagal Syncope
• Due to peripheral pooling of blood and reduction in
cerebral blood flow
• Rarely encountered in children due to constant
movement of extremities coupled with crying out loud
which prevents the peripheral pooling of blood
33. Broken Needle
• Due to sudden movement during administration of the
LA solution
Failure To Achieve Anasthesia
• This may be due to
1. Improper Technique of administration
2. Normal anatomic Variation
34. FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS
• Encountered during IANB
• Due to injection of LA solution into parotid gland
• Facial Nerve gets temporarily paralyzed
• Effects wears off over a period of time during
which the eye needs to be protected
35. TRISMUS
• Due to trauma to muscles or blood vessels of infra
temporal fossa.
• Intramuscular or supramuscular injection of LA.
• Hemorrhage.
• Hematoma and scar formation.
How to Avoid ?
• Avoid repeated injections or multiple insertions into
the same area.
• Use only minimum effective volume of LA.
36. Drug Dose Dependent Reactions
• At Low levels - ↑ Heart rate and Cardiac Output
• At High levels - ↓ Cardiac Output & Circulatory
Failure
• Methemoglobinemia – Caused by Benzocaine &
Prilocain
How To Avoid ?
• Use Of Aspiration Technique
• Keeping the amount of agent administered below
toxic limit.
37. CAUSES OF TOXICITY
• Use of excessive dose of LA.
• Inadvertent intravascular injection.
• Slow detoxification or biotransformation.
• Slow elimination or redistribution.
• Majority of the toxic reactions to LA are immediate, mild
and transient.
• They can be avoided by closely monitoring during
the injection, injecting slowly and withdrawing
the needle at the first signs of an adverse
response.
38. Manifestation Of Toxicity
• Cardiac Depression
• Coma
• Convulsions
• Unconsciousness
• Muscular twitching
• Visual and auditory disturbances, light headedness,
numbness of tongue
Concentration of LA
in Plasma
39. Hypersensitivity (rare)
Manifests as
• Utricaria
• Facial edema
• Breathlessness
Methyl paraben (protein) is the main allergent
It has been replaced in recent times