Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through objects and be used to image structures inside the body. They are produced when electrons generated at a cathode collide with a metal anode target inside an evacuated x-ray tube. Varying the voltage and current controls the x-ray beam properties. X-rays have both wave and particle properties and are used in medical imaging due to their ability to penetrate tissues differentially based on density.
Radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X ray..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an unstable atom.
This process occurs as the nucleus attempts to reach a more stable state.
The emitted particles and energy are collectively referred to as radiation.
spectrophotometer.pptx,DNA/RNA Quantification,clinical diagnosis, protein ana...Parthvi Soni
Spectrophotometry is a powerful analytical technique that plays a crucial role in scientific research and industrial applications. By measuring the absorbance of light by a sample, spectrophotometers provide valuable information about the concentration and characteristics of substances. Understanding the principles, components, and applications of spectrophotometry enables scientists and professionals to utilize this technique effectively for a wide range of analyses. As technology advances, spectrophotometry continues to evolve, offering greater precision, versatility, and efficiency in the pursuit of scientific knowledge and innovation.
Radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X ray..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an unstable atom.
This process occurs as the nucleus attempts to reach a more stable state.
The emitted particles and energy are collectively referred to as radiation.
spectrophotometer.pptx,DNA/RNA Quantification,clinical diagnosis, protein ana...Parthvi Soni
Spectrophotometry is a powerful analytical technique that plays a crucial role in scientific research and industrial applications. By measuring the absorbance of light by a sample, spectrophotometers provide valuable information about the concentration and characteristics of substances. Understanding the principles, components, and applications of spectrophotometry enables scientists and professionals to utilize this technique effectively for a wide range of analyses. As technology advances, spectrophotometry continues to evolve, offering greater precision, versatility, and efficiency in the pursuit of scientific knowledge and innovation.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. • In 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen,
referred to as father of Diagnostic
Radiology, discovered X-rays accidentally
when experimenting with electrical
discharges in an evacuated tube called a
Crookes' tube.
• In 1901 Roentgen was awarded the very
first Nobel Prize in Physics, X- rays known
also as Roentgen Rays in his honor.
2
X-ray: Introduction
3. X-ray: Introduction…
• Invisible rays given off from his
experiment could penetrate a human
hand and project a skeletal image onto
a fluorescent screen.
• Later, he substituted photographic film
to make a permanent record.
• Since then, scientists have discovered
that X-rays are a type of
electromagnetic radiation.
3
4. • Longer wavelengths, of wavelength 1–10 nm overlap the range
of extreme ultraviolet band of the electromagnetic spectrum, are
known as Soft X Rays and are less penetrating.
• Shorter wavelengths, about 0.1 nm or less closer to and
overlapping the gamma-ray range, are called Hard X-rays and
are relatively penetrating .
• A mixture of many different wavelengths is known as “white”
X rays, as opposed to “monochromatic” X rays, which
represent only a single wavelength. Frequency of hard X-rays is
higher than that of soft X-rays, and the wavelength is shorter
X-ray in Electromagnetic Spectrum
4
6. X-rays: Characteristics
X-rays have a number of useful physical characteristics that
allow us to utilize them for our benefit.
can penetrate matter which readily absorb and reflect
visible light.
This allows us to “see through” things.
Not all materials are penetrated equally.
This allows us to see different tissues in an image.
are absorbed differentially when passing through matter,
the extent of which depends upon the density.
causes biological alterations (ionization) at the molecular
level.
causes certain materials to fluoresce (give off light) which
enables us to record an image. 6
7. When interacting with matter, x-rays follow many of the same
physical principles as light. Such as:
– X-rays act like waves when traveling through space.
– X-rays act like particles when interacting with matter
– X-rays travel in straight lines. Therefore, x-rays cannot go
around corners.
– X-rays diverge from a point source, important for radiographic
image formation
– X-rays obey the inverse square law ,important for radiation
safety..
– X-rays are unaffected by electric and magnetic fields. Therefore,
they cannot be focused or steered.
– X-rays travel at the speed of light.
7
X-rays: Characteristics…
8. X-ray: Production
• X-rays are produced by interaction of accelerated electrons with
tungsten nuclei within the tube anode
• Two types of radiation are generated: characteristic radiation
and bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation
• Changing the X-ray machine current or voltage settings alters
the properties of the X-ray beam
8
9. • Braking Radiation - electromagnetic radiation produced by the
deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged
particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
• Thermionic emission is the heat-induced flow of charge carriers from a
surface or over a potential-energy barrier.
• This occurs because the thermal energy given to the carrier overcomes
the binding potential, also known as work function of the metal.
• work function is the minimum energy (usually measured in electron
volts) needed to remove an electron from a solid to a point
immediately outside the solid surface
Braking Radiation
9
10. Characteristics X-rays
• A high energy electron interacts with a bound electron in an
atom and ejects it.
• The incident electron is scattered and the target electron gets
displaced from its shell.
• The incident electron energy must exceed the binding energy of
the electron to eject it.
• After the electron has been ejected the atom is left with a vacant
energy level.
• This vacant energy level if it occurs in the inner electron levels
is called a core hole.
• This vacancy is subsequently filled by an electron from a higher
energy level with the emission of a characteristic x-ray photon.
10
11. • The characteristic x-ray photon has an energy that corresponds
exactly to the difference in energy between the energy level that
is vacant and the energy level from which an electron falls.
• This is used in various techniques, including X-ray fluorescence
spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and
Wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These are used in
mineral analysis and elsewhere.
11
Characteristics X-rays…
13. X-ray Tube
Basic Components of an x-ray tube:
Air evacuated glass envelope: A vacuum is necessary to
prevent accelerated electrons from colliding with air
molecules.
Cathode: The cathode is a wire filament (usually tungsten)
that is the source of the electrons
Anode: The anode is a tungsten disc that acts as the target
for the electrons that come from the cathode. X-rays are
created at the anode.
Few other components such as cooling mechanisms, the
window of the tube etc. also present
13
14. Xray tube housing
• Made of lead and steel
• To abosrb any stray radiation
• To prevent x-ray photons to leak from
the tube
14
X-ray Tube…
15. Protective Housing(contd.)
• Radiation:
– Absorbs isotropically emitted x-rays
– Leakage: <100 mR/hour at 1 meter (FDA)
– Useful beam emitted through “window”
• Electrical and Heat:
– Special high voltage cable receptables
• Heat: (depends on tube design); MAY HAVE:
– Oil-filled (insulator as well as heat absorber)
– Cooling fans
– Active Heat Exchanger using oil or water
15
X-ray Tube…
16. Internal components Cathode
• The negative side of the tube and has two
primary parts: a filament and focusing cup
• Filament = a coil of wire about 2mm in
diameter and 1 or 2 cm long.
• Dual-filament
• Focusing cup - negatively charged
16
X-ray Tube…
17. Focusing cup
• The filament is embedded in a metal cup that has a negative
charge
• Boiled off e- tend to spread out due to electrostatic repulsion.
The focusing cup confines the e- cloud to a small area
17
X-ray Tube…
18. Tungsten
• Filaments are usually made of tungsten
• Tungsten provides higher thermionic emission(2200o C)
than other metals
• Tungsten has a very high melting point(3370o C)
• Alloy with 1-2% Thorium increases TE efficiency
18
X-ray Tube…
19. Anode
Anode Types
Stationary:
– Small tungsten target (for x-ray production) embedded in
copper (for heat conduction)
– Limited to low output uses (e.g., dental)
Rotating Anode:
– Tungsten “ring” provides large total target area
– Rotor: part of induction motor (3400-10,000 rpm)
19
20. Collimators
• Sheets of lead placed between X-ray source and the patient
• Restrict dimension of the beam to the FOV in 1D or 2D →
reduce amount of X-rays reaching the patient = only
X-rays inside FOV reach the tissue → dose reduced +
scattered reduced
20
21. Anti-scatter Grids
• Parallel or slightly divergent strips of lead foil with aluminium
spacers
• Amount of scattered X-rays absorbed depends on length,
thickness and separation of lead strips
• Some non-scattered X-rays are absorbed → increase in dose to
get same image intensity of one without grid
21
22. Detectors and Electronics
• Radiographic x-ray image is detected using light-sensitive
negative film combined with x-ray sensitive screens.
– The film is enclosed in a light-tight cassette in contact with a
screen which absorbs the x-rays with high efficiency
• Computed radiography
– Instrumentation = detector plate (image plate) + separate
reader
• Digital radiography
– Instrumentation = detector and reader are one
unit(Flat panel detectors)
1. Indirect = X-ray converted into light by scintillator →
light converted into electric signal by photon detector
2. Direct = X-ray converted into electric signal by
materials such a:Se. 22
23. The Control Panel
• The three factors that can be varied during producing
radiograph are :
– The kilovoltage (K V) difference applied between the
anode and cathode during exposure.
– The milliamperage (mA) applied to the filament.
– The duration of exposure.
23
24. • Higher kv attract the electrons toward the anode by greater
force.
• They smash the anode harder and produce x-ray with higher
energy and greater tissue penetrating power.
• Increasing mA increase the number of electrons cloud around
the filament. Result in higher number of x-ray produced per
second.
24
The Control Panel…