INCLUSIVE EDUCATION AND TYPES OF DISABILITIES AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN

1. Types of Disabilities
Presented by
Honey Babu,
Asst. Professor in Education,
GVM’s Dr. Dada Vaidya, College of Education
,Goa.

2. Learning disability
• Learning disability /LD is used to describe a
specific group of children, adolescents and
adults who have problems in learning. These
problems may be in the areas of reading,
writing, spelling and arithmetic.

3. Problems in the area
Reading Writing
Spelling Arithmetic

4. Learning disability
• The term LD was first used by Dr. Samuel Krik,
While addressing a gathering of parents in
Chicago ( Hallahan and Cruickshank,1973).
• ACLD------Association for children with
Learning Disabilities
• NJCLD-National Joint Committee on Learning
Disabilities (1981)

5. • All the underachievers are not learning
disabled. LD is not the mental retardation
because the IQ score may be very high range
in many cases. However it can occur along
with other handicapping conditions like
sensory impairment emotional and behavioral
disorders and mental retardation.
Learning disability

6. Stages of screening the child with LD
Poor Scholastic achievement
Sensory Impairment
Mental retardation
Poor Schooling
Deprivation
Learning Disability

7. Definitions of Learning Disaability
• According to Kirk, “Learning disability refer to
retardation disorders or delayed development
in one or more of the processes of speech,
language, reading spelling ,writing or
arithmetic resulting from a possible cerebral
dysfunction and or emotional or behavior
disorders and not from mental retardation
,sensory deprivation or cultural or
instructional factors”.

8. Characteristics and Educational
challenges
• Functional disability
• Not as fast as normal children
• Discrepancy between achievement and
intelligence
• It is a psychological processing disorder and
presumes a central nervous dysfunction.
• Intellectually average or above average.
• Difficulty for reading alphabets and slow reading.

9. Characteristics and Educational
challenges
• Difficulty of writing, missing letters and
misspelling the words.
• Speaks well but difficulty for completing a full
sentence without mistakes.
• Illegible and poor handwriting.
• Poor memory and thinking skills.
• Difficulty in dealing mathematics.
• Lack of focusing attention.

10. Characteristics and Educational
challenges
• Lack of motor co-ordination.
• Less time management and lack of
organizational skill.
• Less emotional maturity.
• Hyperactivity and impulsivity
• Electro encephalographic irregularities
• Perceptual impairment

11. Why awareness and training is needed
to deal with People with LD
• To help them to overcome the specific
disadvantage
• To train them to manage
• Earlier detection helps to avoid Secondary social
and emotional difficulties both for the parents
and children
• It will help the teachers to manage and should
have a good knowledge about the particular
disability.

13. Causes of Learning Disability
Physiological factors
• Neurological damage, Prolonged labor , Premature birth and other birth
complications, Maternal and paternal age
• Cigarette smoking ,Use of drugs and alcohol addiction, Radiation
• Rubella, other maternal endocrine disorders and nutritional deficiencies., Genetic
factors
Developmental causes
• Maturational delay like slow maturation of languages skills, delayed motor
skills, right-left confusion etc.
Educational factors
• inadequate and inappropriate teaching
Environmental Factors
• emotionally unstable home life

16. Specific learning Disabilities

17. Learning Disabilities can be broadly
classified into major categories:
• Disorders of Attention and Hyperactivity
• Reading Disabilities
• Writing Disabilities
• Arithmetic Disabilities

19. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
• Short attention and lack of concentration are the
most obvious qualities in learning disabled
children
• ADHD disorders have an early onset , either in
childhood (below five years) or early
adolescence. It is typically characterized by a
short attention span, over-activity and
impulsivity.

20. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
A child may lack concentration because of various reasons:-
LD Poor eye sight/hearing loss
Emotional problems Stress
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GIx-JYdLZs

21. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
• ADHD learners does not know how to respond to
incoming stimuli or produces incorrect response
or ignoring relevant features of a task or
responds in excessive activity.
• They will not analyze the problems to solve .They
will not think analytically. They will be choosing
the first action that flashes to their mind .

22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRY
l9Bf0yhs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=mmcdKuoIxZw

23. Attention Deficit Hyper Activity
Disorder (ADHD)
• Individuals with this disorder often find
themselves in disciplinary trouble due to their
unthinking rather than a deliberately defined
breach of rules. They appear to be socially
uninhibited, often lack social reserve or
causation and are generally unpopular with their
peers.

25. ADHD
• The diagnosis of ADHD is done using DSM- 4-
R Criteria for ADHD.
• (DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders)
• A child to be diagnosed as hyperactive ,he or
she must exhibit at least eight of the 14
specified behaviors more often than children
of the same age.

26. Characteristics mentioned according
to DSM- ш- R are as follows:-
• Often shifts from one activity to other
• Often talks excessively
• Easily distracted by external stimuli
• Has difficulty playing quietly
• Often loses things necessary for tasks or
activities at school or at home
• Has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or
play activities

27. Treatment for ADHD
• Stimulant drugs can be used for those with
ADHD. They are Ritalin , Dexedrin , Cylert etc ;
they have some side effects like stomach ache
and poor appetite .These drugs help to
decrease impulsiveness and improve attention
span ,hand writing and ability to follow
instructions.
• Help the child to master the skill of attention
through different strategies.

28. Reading Disabilities- DYSLEXIA
• Reading is the key factor of education.
• Dyslexia is the widely used term to describe a
child who is unable to read.
• It is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning
to read despite conventional instruction,
adequate intelligence and socio-cultural
opportunity.
• The children with this disorder will fail to attain
skills of reading, writing and spelling.

29. Reading Disabilities- DYSLEXIA
Characteristics of dyslexic readers are:-
• Read slowly, omit or add words
• Often reversing letters, words or numbers
• Try to guess while reading
• Weak comprehension skill and poor in
vocabulary
• Has an average or above average intelligence
• Concepts are reversed

30. Writing Disability -Dysgraphia
• It is a neurological based disability in which a
person has difficulty in expressing thought on
paper and with writing associated with
problems in gripping and manipulating a
pencil.

32. Writing Disability -Dysgraphia
Characteristics with dysgraphic individuals are:-
• Total no. of words and length of sentences is
reduced
• Errors in spelling, syntax, tense and
punctuation.
• Unable to dial abstract themes and ideas.

33. Arithmetic Disability (Dyscalculia)
• It is described as an important factor in
arithmetic disabilities that is developmental
,rather than acquired. There are different
types of arithmetic disabilities like difficulty
with shape discrimination ,size discrimination
,classification ,counting, problem solving etc.

34. Arithmetic Disability (Dyscalculia)
Characteristics of arithmetic disability are:-
• Unable to associate number with quantity
• Unable to discriminate right /left (spatial
concept)
• Unable to reverse numbers
• Poor spatial orientation and ability to make
estimation of space ,size, time, shape and weight
• Difficulty in relating what they see visually with
what they know auditory. That is the difficulty to
relate the spoken word six with written symbol 6
or with word Six.