The document discusses several philosophers and their ideas related to idealism and political philosophy. It introduces Arthur Schopenhauer and his corrections to Kant's philosophy, identifying phenomenal and noumenal reality as the same. It then discusses other idealists like Schelling, Hegel, and their views of nature, humanity, and metaphysics. The document also contrasts political philosophies of conservatism, promoted by thinkers like Burke, and liberalism, advocated by philosophers such as Paine, Bentham, Mill, and Wollstonecraft who supported principles like individual rights, democracy, and women's rights.

1. Introduction to Philosophy IS-VNU Mr. Mike Lecture 9

2. Introduction to Philosophy Idealism Continued Conservatism Liberalism

3. Introduction to Philosophy Idealism Continued Conservatism Liberalism

4. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Set out to complete the philosophy that Kant started First openly Atheist philosopher First Western philosopher to seriously study Eastern philosophy Idealists

5. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Set out to complete the philosophy that Kant started First openly Atheist philosopher First Western philosopher to seriously study Eastern philosophy Idealists

6. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Kant's Basic Premise 2 Aspects of Reality: (1) Phenomenal Reality (what we perceive) and (2) Noumenal Reality (reality in itself) Since Reality in itself is beyond our to perceive it we can never know reality as it is Phenomenal Reality is a mental construct of our mind Idealists Noumenal Reality Sensory Experience of Reality Events & Things Mental Construct of Reality

7. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Kant's Basic Premise 2 Aspects of Reality: (1) Phenomenal Reality (what we perceive) and (2) Noumenal Reality (reality in itself) Since Reality in itself is beyond our to perceive it we can never know reality as it is Phenomenal Reality is a mental construct of our mind Idealists Noumenal Reality Sensory Experience of Reality Events & Things Mental Construct of Reality

8. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Kant's Basic Premise Science is capable of providing knowledge of the phenomenal (perceived) world The Noumenal world and the Phenomenal world are essentially different things Science is not capable of providing any knowledge of the noumenal world. Idealists Noumenal Reality Sensory Experience of Reality Events & Things Mental Construct of Reality

9. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Kant's Basic Premise Science is capable of providing knowledge of the phenomenal (perceived) world The Noumenal world and the Phenomenal world are essentially different things Science is not capable of providing any knowledge of the noumenal world. Idealists Noumenal Reality Sensory Experience of Reality Events & Things Mental Construct of Reality

10. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Correcting Kant's Metaphysics Kant – Since the noumenal and phenomenal are essentially different it is impossible for the noumenal to be the cause of the phenomenal Also, “cause” is an aspect of the phenomenal (i.e. “causes” are organizational constructs of the mind) Schopenhauer – Phenomenal reality and noumenal reality are not DIFFERENT realities. They are the SAME reality. Idealists Noumenal Reality Phenomenal Reality

11. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Correcting Kant's Metaphysics Kant – Since the noumenal and phenomenal are essentially different it is impossible for the noumenal to be the cause of the phenomenal Also, “cause” is an aspect of the phenomenal (i.e. “causes” are organizational constructs of the mind) Schopenhauer – Phenomenal reality and noumenal reality are not DIFFERENT realities. They are the SAME reality. Idealists Noumenal Reality Phenomenal Reality

12. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Since space and time are aspects of the phenomenal world that we can perceive, they have no meaning in the noumenal world. If space and time do not exist then there can be no differentiation between things – Everything is One Idealists

13. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Since space and time are aspects of the phenomenal world that we can perceive, they have no meaning in the noumenal world. If space and time do not exist then there can be no differentiation between things – Everything is One Idealists

14. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Kant – Acts of the Will are part of the noumenal world but are also the causes of the phenomenal world Example: A person wills to move his arm (noumenal) which is followed by the bodily movement (phenomenal) Idealists

15. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Kant – Acts of the Will are part of the noumenal world but are also the causes of the phenomenal world Example: A person wills to move his arm (noumenal) which is followed by the bodily movement (phenomenal) Idealists

16. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Schopenhauer – If the phenomenal and noumenal are different (Kant) then the acts of the will cannot cause anything in phenomenal reality. Idealists

17. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Schopenhauer – If the phenomenal and noumenal are different (Kant) then the acts of the will cannot cause anything in phenomenal reality. Idealists

18. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Solution: Phenomenal and Noumenal are not different. Motives (will) are internal and noumenal. Bodily movement is external (phenomenal). Motives and Bodily movements are the same event apprehended in two different ways (internal and external) Idealists

19. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Solution: Phenomenal and Noumenal are not different. Motives (will) are internal and noumenal. Bodily movement is external (phenomenal). Motives and Bodily movements are the same event apprehended in two different ways (internal and external) Idealists

20. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Impersonal Noumenal Will The Whole Noumenal Realm has the character of Will Noumenal Will – Impersonal, energy/force behind the Phenomenal world Reality has no purpose, intelligence or goal. Idealists Noumenal Reality = Will Phenomenal Reality

21. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Metaphysics Impersonal Noumenal Will The Whole Noumenal Realm has the character of Will Noumenal Will – Impersonal, energy/force behind the Phenomenal world Reality has no purpose, intelligence or goal. Idealists Noumenal Reality = Will Phenomenal Reality

22. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Ethics Since noumenal reality is essential ONE, then there is no real distinction between individual people People only “appear” as individuals in the phenomenal realm Humanity's ONENESS creates compassion between humans Human compassion (based on essential oneness) is the foundation of all Ethics Idealists

23. Authur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Ethics Since noumenal reality is essential ONE, then there is no real distinction between individual people People only “appear” as individuals in the phenomenal realm Humanity's ONENESS creates compassion between humans Human compassion (based on essential oneness) is the foundation of all Ethics Idealists

24. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Metaphysics Nature is total reality perpetually evolving (constantly changing) Nature is One (unity) Nature is a constant on-going process Humans have emerged from within the process of nature Man does not exist outside of nature but is part of nature Idealists

25. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Metaphysics Nature is total reality perpetually evolving (constantly changing) Nature is One (unity) Nature is a constant on-going process Humans have emerged from within the process of nature Man does not exist outside of nature but is part of nature Idealists

26. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Metaphysics Humans are the most advanced aspect of nature Humans are the only aspect of nature that is self-aware Humans are matter spiritualized Humans are nature that has become self-aware Idealists

27. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Metaphysics Humans are the most advanced aspect of nature Humans are the only aspect of nature that is self-aware Humans are matter spiritualized Humans are nature that has become self-aware Idealists

28. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Aesthetics Nature is in the continual process of creation Humans reflect this aspect of nature through creative arts The creative artists are the highest form of existence Idealists

29. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Aesthetics Nature is in the continual process of creation Humans reflect this aspect of nature through creative arts The creative artists are the highest form of existence Idealists

30. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Ultimate Question Why does anything exist at all? Why not nothing? Idealists

31. Fredrich Shelling (1775-1854) Ultimate Question Why does anything exist at all? Why not nothing? Idealists

32. Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) Metaphysics Everything is an organic unity Reality is in an ongoing process of development Ultimate goal of reality is self-awareness and self-understanding Idealists

33. Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) Metaphysics Everything is an organic unity Reality is in an ongoing process of development Ultimate goal of reality is self-awareness and self-understanding Idealists

34. Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) Metaphysics Geist : Mental/spiritual aspect of reality Non-material The ultimate essence of being Absolute Idealism Idealists

35. Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) Metaphysics Geist : Mental/spiritual aspect of reality Non-material The ultimate essence of being Absolute Idealism Idealists

36. Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) Metaphysics Hegel's Dialectic : Thesis – Current state of things Antithesis – Conflicting forces Synthesis – Resolution of the Thesis and Antithesis Synthesis become the new thesis Idealists

37. Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) Metaphysics Hegel's Dialectic : Thesis – Current state of things Antithesis – Conflicting forces Synthesis – Resolution of the Thesis and Antithesis Synthesis become the new thesis Idealists

38. Political Philosophy Promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions Supports the idea of minimal and gradual change in society Ultimate Goal = Stability and Continuity in society Conservatism

39. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) Supported Limiting the power of the monarchy Multiple political parties within a government prevent any one party from abusing power Opposed excessive taxation (especially in the American colonies) Conservatism

40. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) Opposed modern forms of Democracy (open and free elections) Government needs an educated class of people Common people had dangerous passions Democracy could remove protection from some minorities Conservatism

41. Edmund Burke (1729-1797) Opposed modern forms of Democracy (open and free elections) Government needs an educated class of people Common people had dangerous passions Democracy could remove protection from some minorities Conservatism

42. Political Philosophy Promotes the importance of Government protecting Liberty and providing Equal Rights Free and Fair Elections Universal Human Rights Freedom of Religion Constitutionalism – Government authority is based on and limited by a body of fundamental laws Liberal Democracy - Multiple Political Parties Capitalism – Privately owned means of production which generate profit for the owners Liberalism

43. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Invented the term “United States of America” Inspired the American and French Revolutions Forced to leave England when he attempted to inspire a revolution there Influential in the formation of the American Constitution Liberalism

44. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) One of the first writers to call for the abolishment of slavery Based on his philosophy that all men are born equal and that class distinctions are immoral Liberalism

45. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) The Rights of Man All men are created equal and are born with equal rights (liberties) It is necessary to establish a State and a constitution which encodes individual rights in law The responsibility of the government is to enforce and protect the rights of individuals Liberalism

46. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) The Rights of Man The only moral form of government is a democratic one which allows everyone to freely choose government leaders Viewed the monarchies of France and England as immoral forms of government because they deny the right to freely elect government officials Liberalism

47. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) Utilitarianism Maximize Pleasure & Minimize Pain Foundational Principle of Law, Ethics and Politics Promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people Punishment should be harsh enough to deter crime but not too harsh to cause useless suffering Liberalism

48. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) Utilitarianism Ethical Dilemmas Trolley Car Illustration Liberalism

49. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) Utilitarianism Follower of Bentham Actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness, wrong as they produce the reverse Individual should be free to do whatever they want as long as it doesn't cause harm to anyone else Liberalism

50. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) Utilitarianism Bentham saw all pleasures and pains as equal – Mill felt that there are degrees of pleasure and pain. The death of a relative is a greater pain than the death of a pet Liberalism

51. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) The Subjection of Women As a Member of the British Parliament he proposed that women should also be given the right to vote First philosopher to advocate equal right for women not just for men Liberalism

52. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) Feminist Thomas Paine Vindication of the Rights of Man Agreed with Paine that all men are born equal British people have the Right to remove a bad king Injustice and mistreatment of the poor is immoral Slavery is immoral Liberalism

53. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) Feminist Thomas Paine Vindication of the Rights of Women Argued that Men and Women are also born equal The greatest crime of her day was the lack of education for women Advocated that women must given the right to vote as a basic right Liberalism