this is the final presentation

1. ALI AHMED (12889)ALI AHMED (12889)ALI AHMED (12889)ALI AHMED (12889)ALI AHMED (12889)
Transformation of European Era from Middle age to
Enlightenment Era , Rationalism, Rene Descartes &
Baruch Spinoza
ADEENA WALI -11160
ALI AHMED -12889
MAHEEN BALUCH -13431
MUHAMMAD SHAFIQ -13494
MUNTAHA ANSARI -13269
SHAFIQ UR REHMAN -13514
ZOOFISHAN NOUMAN -13337

2. Middle age (5th-16th Century)
1. Medieval philosophy
Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe from about ad 400–1400, roughly the
period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance. Medieval philosophers are the historical
successors of the philosophers of antiquity, but they are in fact only tenuously connected with
them.
2. Dark Age
The 'Dark Ages' were between the 5th and 14th centuries, lasting 900 years. The "Dark Ages" is a
term for the Early Middle Ages or Middle Ages in Western Europe after the fall of the Western
Roman Empire, characterizing it as marked by economic, intellectual, and cultural decline
3. Medieval Debates
Flavius Justinus 100-165 A.D :" Plato's theory of forms is a clear vision of God. The immaterial world
was being beyond essence, which is God."
Clement of Alexandria 150-215 A.D :"Philosophy is a gift of God - Plato took his Wisdom from Moses
and the prophets."
ST. Gregory of Nyssa 330 - 395 A.D :"God must have a logos, a word, a reason. The divine Logos is
eternal."

3. A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and
individualism rather than tradition.
According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was
“Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784).
The term “enlightenment” was first coined by Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher. “Sapere aude”
means “dare to know” in Latin.
The Enlightenment era was characterized by secularism, challenges to authority, and the
glorification of reason.
Enlightenment Era ( 1690 – 1789 )

4. Many Enlightenment thinkers felt that although the great minds of the medieval and
Renaissance eras had achieved much, they also had been overly constrained by religion,
tradition, and superstition. To truly achieve independent thought, one had to throw off all
limits and rely solely on reason.
Like the pioneers of the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment thinkers also strove to make
conclusions based on observation, logic, and reason, rather than on faith.
Enlightenment thinkers revived the spirit of the Renaissance quest for knowledge, choosing to
focus on human nature and the workings of society rather than on spiritual matters and
religious tenets. This secular approach led to the development of the social sciences. A meeting
of French Enlightenment thinkers
Enlightenment Era

5. Rationalism is a philosophical doctrine that holds the view that knowledge is derived from
reason rather than experience. Hence, for the rationalists, reason is the ultimate source of
knowledge and the test of its validity.
In philosophy Rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source
and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or
justification" More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory "in which the
criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive".
Rationalism

6. Rationalist philosophy in Western antiquity
1 Pythagoras (570–495 BCE)
2 Plato (427–347 BCE)
3 Aristotle (384–322 BCE)
Classical rationalism
1 René Descartes (1596–1650)
2 Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
3 Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)
4 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Rationalism

7. René Descartes
 March 31, 1596, in La Haye, France
 French philosopher, Mathematician , Scientist
 law degree in Poitiers
 Dutch States Army
 Father of modern philosophy/ Father of
rationalism Father of analytical geometry
 Rules for the Direction of the Mind
 Meditations on First Philosophy
 Rationalism , Dualism
 Died in Stockholm in 1650.

8. Clear and distinct knowledge .
Method of doubt .
1. Argument from sense perception
2. Argument from dreams
3. Evil demon argument
Two points emerges from his method of doubt.
1. Programme
2. Methodology
René Descartes

9. 1. Never accept the existence of anything take everything as a problems.
2 To analyse problem divide it in as many part as much as possible.
3. Start from simple one and move toward the complex one.
4. List every possible detail of the problem .
Methodology 4 steps

10. Meditation on the first philosophy
1. 1. Method of Doubt
2. 2. Cogito ergo sum
3. 3. Cosmological argument for the Existence of God
4. 4. The problem of error
5. 5. Ontological proof deceiver for the Existence of God
6. 6. Dualism ( Mind , Body )

11. Baruch Spinoza
•1632-1677 Netherlands (Dutch)
•Modern biblical criticism- try to reinvent religion- attempt
to be quasi- scientist.
•Expelled and shunned at age of 23.
•Optical Lense grinder- fine glass dust- TB.
•Spinoza's magnum opus, the ethics (1677), was
published posthumously in the year of the death.
•saintly-life- how spider chases flies.

12. Baruch Spinoza
• He rejected the propositional nature
of special revelation in the scriptures.
• He rejected the existence of miracles for
miracles do not happen.
• He argued that god and nature were two
names for the same reality.
• God is the natural world and has no
personality.
• God does not rule over men and things but god is
part of the system of which everything in nature
is a part.
• Everything that happens in the universe occur
through the operation of necessity.
• Everything necessarily happen the way it does.
• There is no free will.

13. THAT’S ALL
JAZAKALLAH