The document provides an overview of several topics in philosophy including: 1) Karl Marx's philosophy of socialism and how he believed capitalism would inevitably evolve into socialism. 2) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, which posited that species evolve over generations through natural selection of inheritable traits. 3) The emergence of social Darwinism, which inappropriately applied Darwin's biological concepts of survival of the fittest to human societies. 4) Key figures in early psychology like Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, B.F. Skinner, and Viktor Frankl, and some of their major theories regarding the human mind and behavior.

1. Introduction to Philosophy IS-VNU Mr. Mike Lecture 10

2. Introduction to Philosophy Socialism Evolution Social Darwinism

3. Socialism Karl Marx Marx’s philosophy owes a great deal to Hegel Fundamental condition of humanity is the need to convert the raw material of the natural world into the goods necessary for survival Production (economics) is the primary conditioning factor of life

4. Marx's Dialectical Materialism Thesis Feudalism Antithesis Industrialism & Creation of Middle Class Synthesis (New Thesis) Industrialist Capitalism Antithesis Proletariat Working-Class Synthesis Socialism

5. Karl Marx Socialism is the necessary outcome of Capitalism and the Proletariat Socialism is not necessary for ethical reasons Socialism is necessary because Marx believes it to be the most efficient means of production and therefore survival

6. Evolution Charles Darwin English Naturalist Natural explanation of the origins and decent of biological species 5-year Voyage on HMS Beagle studying/collecting species specimens

7. Evolution Charles Darwin Biology based on the philosophies of Schelling and Hegel & Ideal of the Enlightenment Enlightenment Progress Schelling – Nature is in a perpetual state of progress Humans are the highest form of natural progress Hegel – Dialectic (Thesis ↔ Antithesis) -> Synthesis

8. Evolution Darwin's Theory All species of life have descended over time from common ancestry Transmutation of species – The Process by which one species changes into another species

9. Evolution Darwin's Theory Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest : Organisms with traits which are better adapted for immediate, local environment survive to pass the trait on.

10. Darwin's Adaptation of Hegel's Dialectic in Biology (Natural Selection) Thesis - Species Antithesis – Natural Environment Opposing Force Synthesis – New Species better adapted to the natural environment

11. Evolution Darwin's Theory Sexual Selection Female choice of suitable males which impacts what traits get passed on to offspring from the male.

12. Evolution Darwin's Theory God Believed in God as the ultimate natural law giver. “ I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.”

13. Evolution Implications of Darwinism Wider Gap between Religion and Science Origins of man and other species now had a theory that did not need religion Rise in Scientific Atheism

14. Evolution The Enlightenment & Darwinism Enlightenment concept of “progress” Speculated that societies progressed through stages of increasing development – Western logic and science as seen as evidence of more developed cultures Societies begin as primitive then progress toward industrialized Europe Darwin's theory was seen as “scientific evidence” of progress

15. Social Darwinism Implications of Darwinism Herbert Spencer drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin's biological ones Developed a model that applied the law of the survival of the fittest to society Humanitarian impulses had to be resisted as nothing should be allowed to interfere with nature's laws.

16. Social Darwinism Social Darwinism & Eugenics Advocates practices to improve the human gene pool. Used in Western countries to support racist immigration laws and laws against inter-racial marriage. In severe cases used to advocate genocide. Advocated the killing of old people because they are no longer productive

17. Social Darwinism Social Darwinism & Industry Laissez-faire – French: means “let do,” but it broadly implies “let it be,” or “leave it alone.” Argued against regulations of any industries Social Darwinists supported Laissez-faire politics as a form of economic “natural selection”

18. Social Darwinism Social Darwinism & Racism Ethnic races were categorized into higher and lower Led to ideas of racial supremacy Used as a justification for slavery

19. Social Darwinism Imperialism An unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination Social Darwinists supported imperialism as an example of cultural evolution

20. Social Darwinism Fascism Purge forces, ideas, and systems deemed to be the cause of decadence and degeneration Promote violence and war as actions that create national regeneration Conflict as a fact of life that is responsible for all human progress.

21. Social Darwinism Nazism A form of fascism that incorporated biological racism and antisemitism (against Jews) Believed in the supremacy of an Aryan Master Race (Germans)

22. Psychology Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Father of Psychoanalysis Believed that certain early childhood experiences, are ‘repressed’ into the Unconscious Repression often occurs when a child experiences disapproval Repression is connected to the child’s sexual identity in relation to one or both of its parents

23. Psychology Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Conscious : Awareness, thoughts, perceptions Pre-conscious : Memories, Stored Knowledge Unconscious : Fears, Motives, Desires, Needs, Wishes, Shameful experiences

24. Psychology Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Ego : Realistic, organized aspect of personality. Seeks to satisfy unconscious drives (motives) in realistic ways. Id : Unconscious, unorganized aspect of personality. Operates from the “pleasure principle” which attempts to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Comprised of instinctive drives and impulses. Super-Ego : The moral conscience. Produces the feeling of guilt what a moral conviction has been acted against. A system of internalized social and cultural regulations for behavior.

25. Psychology

26. Psychology Carl Jung (1875–1961) Ego : The conscious mind the individual which makes decisions, learns, and obtains wisdom. Personal Unconscious : Anything that can be brought to the conscious mind with ease Collective Unconscious : This part of the psyche is never consciously called upon, but directs a person’s emotional reactions. It is a collection of the religious, spiritual and mythological symbols which are passed down through the generations and therefore pre-date the individual.

27. Psychology Carl Jung (1875–1961) Archetypes : Inherited aspect of the collective unconscious Represent collective models which represent deep psychological needs Example - “Mother” archetype is the person(s) we look to for nurturing, comfort in times of stress. It an archetype is not fulfilled then a person will seek one out in different ways.

28. Psychology B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Radical Behaviorism Studying Animal Behavior is useful to understanding Human Behavior Rejects Locke's idea that Humans are born as a blank slate All organismic action is determined and not free

29. Psychology Viktor Frankl (1905-1997) Austrian Neurologist and Psychiatrist Holocaust Survivor Founder of Logotherapy Wrote Man's Search for Meaning

30. Psychology Viktor Frankl Logotherapy Based on the Greek philosophy term “Logos” (meaning) Existentialist Analysis of life that focuses on a will to meaning Finding Meaning (Purpose) to one's life is the primary, most powerful driving force in Humans

31. Psychology Viktor Frankl Logotherapy Primary motivation of every individual is to find meaning in life Life has meaning (Logos) even under the most miserable circumstances Motivation for living is to find meaning in life We are free to find meaning in our circumstances