Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs Jegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs. It includes Pharmacognosy of Agar, Acacia, Guar Gum, Honey ,Starch, Isapgol,Tragacanth,Sterculia Gum,Chitin and Pectin.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs Jegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of carbohydrates containing drugs. It includes Pharmacognosy of Agar, Acacia, Guar Gum, Honey ,Starch, Isapgol,Tragacanth,Sterculia Gum,Chitin and Pectin.
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.
CARMINATIVES AND GI REGULATORS
Definition:
Carminatives are soothing drugs which act by relieving stomach and intestinal pain.
An agent that prevents or relieves flatulence (gas in the gastrointestinal tract).
Used in indigestion, Gastric discomfort and loss of appetite.
Examples:
1. Coriander
2. Fennel
3. Cardamom
4. Ginger
5. Clove
6. Black Pepper
7. Asafoetida
8. Nutmeg
9. Cinnamon
Synopsis
Drug name
Synonyms
Biological Source
Family
Chemical Constituents
Uses
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
Title: Almond Oil- Mandel- Badam
• Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about ALMOND OIL that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the various plant sources. Almond oil is a fixed oil obtained by expression from the seeds of Prunus amygdalus (Rosaceae) var. dulcis (sweet almonds) or P. amygdalus var. amara (bitter almonds). This drug becomes important since it is obtained from nut source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Almond oil
2. Biological Sources of ALMOND OIL
3. Geographical Sources of ALMOND OIL
4. Preparation of ALMOND OIL
5. Description of ALMOND OIL
6. Chemical Constituents of Almond oil
7. Chemical Test of ALMOND OIL
8. Uses of Almond oil
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Cod Liver Oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the marine sources It is processed from fresh liver of cod fish, Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadus, belonging to family Gadidae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from fish liver source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Cod Liver Oil
2. Biological Sources of Cod Liver Oil
3. Geographical Sources of Cod Liver Oil
4. Preparation of Cod Liver Oil
5. Description of Cod Liver Oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Cod Liver Oil
7. Chemical Test of Cod Liver Oil
8. Uses of Cod Liver Oil
This PPT is Second part of Hematology and covers the different concepts in Hematology. This includes functions of blood, components of blood, formation of blood cells, functions of RBC, WBC and Platelets, Eryhropoiesis, leucopoiesis and Synthesis of hemoglobin
This PPT covers the concepts of Lymphatic system and Immunity. This includes functions of Lymphatic system, components of Lymphatic system, Lymphatic organs and tissues, formation and flow of lymph and composition of Lymph
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
This PPT covers leukocytosis and includes Types of leukocytosis-Neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis, pathophysiology of leukocytosis, symptoms of leukocytosis and diagnosis of leukocytosis
This PPT covers the entire concepts in Muscular System. It includes details of 3 types of muscular tissue like Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. Concepts of contraction cycle, sliding filament mechanism, neuromuscular junction, muscle metabolism, muscle tone and Different types of contraction.
This PPT covers drug therapy for tuberculosis. It includes classification of antitubercular drugs, chemotherapy for tuberculosis, strategies for addressing resistance and pharmacotherapy of antitubercular drugs
This PPT covers Drug therapy for Viral Infection or disease. It includes Viral replication cycle, classification of antiviral drugs, Anti-Herpes drug, Anti Influenza drugs, Anti hepatitis drugs and anti retroviral drugs
This PPT covers the Drug therapy for Malaria. This PPT includes Malaria cycle, different types of malaria , classification of antimalarial drugs and pharmacotherapy of all antimalarial drugs
This is PPT is Second part of Hematology. It covers Hemostasis, Blood Clotting, Blood Groups and blood type, Rh system, Innate immunity and Adaptive immunity
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
3. ARACHIS OIL
1. Synonym: Groundnut oil, peanut oil, monkeynut oil
2. Biological source: Arachis oil is obtained by expression of shelled and skinned seeds
of Arachia hypogaea belonging to family Papilionaceae
3. Geographical source: South America, North America, Australia, India
4. Preparation:
Jegan
4. Fruits are dug of the soil
Seeds are separated from pericarp by machine
Seeds are expressed in a hydraulic press at ordinary
temperature
The expressed oil (1st fraction) is collected and kept aside
Remaining oil (2nd fraction) of cakes is removed by solvent
extraction
The two oil fractions are combined and purified
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jegan
5. 5. Chemical Constituents
The glycerides of groundnut oil are fatty acids of
• Oleic acid (56%)
• Linoleic acid (26%)
• Arachidic acid (24%)
• Palmitic acid (8.3%)
• Stearic acid (3.1%)
• Behenic acid (3.1%)
The yellow color of the oil is due to carotenoid pigments, chiefly Beta carotene and
lutein
It also contain sterol- campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, cholesterol
The Kernel contains
• Fixed oil
• Protein
• Carbohydrate
• water Jegan
6. 6. Use:
• Edible oil
• Solvent in pharmaceutical aid
• Preparation of mayonnaise, margarine
• Used in preparation of soap
• A vehicle for intramuscular injection
• Used in laboratory as a heat transfer medium
Jegan
7. COD LIVER OIL
1. Biological source: It is oil obtained from fresh liver of cod fish, Gadus morrhua and
other species of Gadus, belonging to family Gadidae
2. Geographical source: mainly found in Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland and
Denmark
3. Preparation:
Jegan
8. The liver is cleaned
and minced into small
pieces
Heated to 80oC in a
vat using steam for
30min
The enzyme lipase is
destroyed at a
temperature above
70oC
The oil is removed
and put in tin drums
which are encased
with wooden barrel
The barrel are kept
inside the snow and
the oil is cooled to -
2oC to -5oC
The slow cooling
process precipitates
palmitin
Palmitin is separated
by filtration
The residual cake
obtained is subjected
to heating at higher
temperature to
obtain inferior quality
oil
Jegan
9. 5. Chemical constituents
It has fishy odour and taste
The cod liver oil contains gylcerides esters of
• linoleic
• Oleic
• Gadoleic
• Myristic acid
• Palmitic acid
The oil has vitamin A and vitamin D
It also contains cholesterol, fatty alcohol, sqalene
Jegan
10. 6. Use
• Source of vitamin
• Treatment of rickets, tuberculosis
• As a Nutritive/ dietary supplement
Jegan
11. COCOA BUTTER
1. Synonym: theobroma oil, cacao butter, semina theobromatis
2. Biological source: It is obtained from roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao belonging
to family Malvaceae
3. Geographical source: Cocoa is cultivated in Brazil, Mexico, Ghana, Nigeria
4. Preparation:
Jegan
12. The seeds are separated
from pods and are
allowed to ferment for 6
days
Fermentation takes
place at 30-40o C in
tubes, boxes or cavities
made in earth
During fermentation the
color of seeds changes
from white to reddish
brown
After fermentation
seeds are roasted at
100-140o C to remove
acetic acid and water
The seeds are cooled
and fed into nibbling
machine to remove the
shells
The kernels are then fed
into hot rollers to yield
pasty mass
The pasty mass is
further purified to give
cocoa butter
Jegan
13. 5. Chemical Constituents
It consist of glycerides of
• Stearic acid
• Palmitic acid
• Oleic acid
• Linoleic acid
• Arachidic acid
Jegan
14. 6. Use:
• Used as a emollient
• Base for suppositories
and ointments, creams
• It reduces formation of
stretch mark during
pregnancy by keeping
skin supple
• Used as a ingredient in
lotion, lip balm, lipstick,
soaps
Jegan
15. KOKUM BUTTER
1. Synonym: Goa butter, Kokum, kokum oil, mangosteen oil
2. Biological source: It is a fat obtained by expression from the seeds of Garcinia
indica, Garcinia purpurea belonging to family Gutiferae
3. Geographical source: Thailand, China, Cambodia, India
4. Preparation:
Jegan
16. Fruits are collected, dried and seeds are separated
The kernels from the seeds are churned
It is then boiled with water
The melted fat is separated by skimming process
The fat is then washed with water and decolorized
1
4
3
2
5
Jegan
18. 6.Use:
• It is used as nutritive
• Demulcent
• Astringent
• Emollient
• Used as a base in
suppositories,
creams, ointment,
lotion balms
Jegan
19. HYDNOCARPUS OIL
1. Synonym: Chaulmoogra oil, gynocardia oil
2. Biological source: It is fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds of
Teraktogenos kurzii, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Hydnocarpus wightiana and other
species of Hydnocarpus belonging to family Flacourtiaceae
3. Geographical source: Burma, Thailand, Eastern India, China
4. Preparation:
Jegan
20. Fruits are plucked by suitable method
Fruits are peeled by knife and seeds are
washed in water
Seeds are dried in sun
Seeds are decorticated by mallet, hand
hammer or decorticators
Seeds crushed in expeller
Extracted oil is stored in zinc barrels
Jegan
21. 5. Chemical composition
• Chaulmoogra oil contains glycerides of cyclopentenyl fatty acids like
Hydnocarpic acid (50%)
Chaulmoogric acid (25%)
Gorlic acid (5%)
• It also contains palmitic acid (6%) and oleic acid (12%)
Jegan
22. 6. Use:
• Used in treatment of Leprosy
The cyclopentenyl fatty acid exhibit specific toxicity for
Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• Rheumatic pain
• Heals wound and other skin problem
Jegan
23. LARD
1. Biological source: It is the purified Internal fat obtained from the Abdomen of the
hog Sus scrofa belonging to family Suidae
2. Preparation:
Jegan
24. The abdominal fats consist of omentum and other parts of peritoneum
The fats are washed to remove the salts or the preservatives used during storage
They are then hung in a current of air for drying
The omentum and parts of peritoneum are minced to break the membranous
vesicles to liberate lard
Heated to 50-60o C to melt lard
The melted lard is seperated though muslin cloth
Jegan
25. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Lard consist of about 60% olein and 40% stearin and palmitin mixture
• The oil separated at 0oC is called the lard oil
• About 100grams of lard contains
900 calories,
95mg cholesterol,
40gm saturated fat,
45gm monounsaturated fatty acids,
11gm polyunsaturated fatty acids,
0.6mg vitamin E,
0.1 mg Zinc,
0.2 mg selenium
Jegan
26. 6. Use:
• Used as a ointment base
• Used in food manufacturing
• Pure Lard is used for cooking since it produces very
little smoke and has pleasant taste
• Used in difficult bowel movements, dryness in internal
organs like dry cough, skin, eyes, nose and skin
Jegan
27. LINSEED OIL
1. Synonym: Flax seeds, Alsi (Hindi)
2. Biological source: It is obtained by expression of dried ripe seeds of Linum
usitatissimum belonging to family Linaceae
3. Geographical source: South America, England, Canada, Russia
4. Preparation:
Jegan
28. • The dried seeds are crushed in rollers
• Moistened and heated to 80-90 degree in steam to soften
the seed tissue
• Then pressed through hot hydraulic press at high pressure
• The oil so obtained is treated with alkali to separate free
fatty acid
• Bleached with fullers earth or charcoal
• On cooling the oil waxy substance are removed
Jegan
29. 5. Chemical constituents:
• Linseed oil contains
Fixed oil (30-40%)
Mucilage (6-10%)
Protein (25%)
Small amount of enzyme lipase
A glycoside-linamarin
• The carbohydrate present are
Sucrose
Raffinose
cellulose
On hydrolysis linseed oil produces fatty
acids like
• Linoleic acid
• Oleic acid
• Linolenic acid
• Myristic
• Stearic
• Palmitic
Jegan
30. 6. Use:
• linseed oil is used as demulcent and in form of poultices for gouty and rheumatic
swelling
• Internally it is used for gonorrhoea and irritation of the genito-urinary system
• Linseed oil has emollient, expectorant, diuretic, demulcent, and laxative properties
• It is used in preparation of greases, polishes, varnishes, paints, putty, oil cloths,
printing ink, tracing cloth, tanning leather etc.
Jegan
32. RICE BRAN OIL
1. Synonym: Rice oil
2. Biological source: It is obtained from the rice bran of the seeds of Oryza
sativa belonging to family Graminae
3. Geographical source:
4. Preparation:
Jegan
33. Dehusking of paddy
to obtain rice bran
It is heated by steam
at temperature higher
than 100oC to stop
activity of lipase
It is then dried to
remove moisture
The rice bran is
impermeable to
solvents so it first
pressed in hydraulic
press
Oil is extracted with
solvent in special
continuous
immersion extractors
Distillation of oil is
done to obtain crude
rice bran oil
Jegan
34. 5. Chemical constituents:
• It contains both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
Unsaturated 80-85%
Saturated 20-25%
• The chief fatty acids are
Oleic acid (40-45%)
Linoleic acid (30-40%)
Palmitic acid (12-18%)
• It is rich in gamma-oryzanol and tocopherol
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35. 6. Use:
• Used as edible oil
• Used in manufacturing of cosmetics
• Used as emollient
• Used as antioxidants
• Used in face, hair or baby formulations
Jegan
36. SHARK LIVER OIL
1. Synonym: oleum selachoide
2. Biological source: Shark liver oil is the fixed oil obtained from the fresh and healthy
livers of shark fish Hypoprion brevirostris belonging to family Carcharhinidae
3. Geographical source: Shark is found in seacoast of many European countries and in
India in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Kerala
4. Preparation:
Jegan
37. Liver is removed from fish
It is then cleaned thoroughly, freed from fatty substances and attached
tissues like gallbladders
Liver is heated in water at about 80oC
The oil exudes, floats on the top and is separated
The dehydrated oil is cooled to -2 to -5oC to separate stearin
The suspended material is removed by centrifugation
The oil is supplemented with desired amount of Vitamin A and Vitamin D
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38. 5.Chemical Constituents:
• The active principle of shark liver oil is vitamin A which varies from 15,000 to
30,000 I.U. per gram of the oil
• It contains glycerides of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Vitamin A
Jegan
39. 6. Use:
• Shark liver oil used to treat xerophthalmia (abnormal dryness os surface of
conjuctiva) occuring due to deficiency of vitamin A
• Oil is used as nutritive tonic
Jegan
40. BEESWAX
1. Synonym: White beeswax, yellow beeswax
2. Biological source: It is purified wax obtained from honeycomb of hive bee, : Apis
dorsata, Apis florea, Apis indica, Apis mellifera, belonging to family Apideae
3. Geographical source: it is available in abudance in Africa, India, Jamaica, Australia,
California
4. Preparation:
Jegan
41. After removal of honey,
honeycomb is melted in
boiling water
On cooling the melted
wax gets solidified and
floats on the surface of
water
The wax is collected
and melted again
Poured into earthen
vessels wiped with
damp cloth
The wax so obtained
after cooling is known
as yellow beeswax
White beeswax
obtained by chemically
treating yellow beeswax
Yellow beeswax is
treated with potassium
permanganate, chromic
acid or chlorine
White beeswax
obtained
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42. 5. Chemical Constituents:
Beeswax contains
• Myricin,
• Cerotic acid
• Melissic acid
• Ceryl alcohol
• Myricyl alcohol is formed on saponification of myricin
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44. CASTOR OIL
1. Synonym: Castor bean oil, ricinus oil, castor seed oil
2. Biological source: Castor oil is fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of
Ricinus communis belonging to family Euphorbiaceae
3. Geographical source: India, Brazil, America, China
4. Preparation:
Jegan
45. • q
Castor seeds are
obtained
Fed into grooved rollers
to crush the seeds so as
to remove the seed coat
Subjected to current of
air to blow off the
testas
Kernels are fed to
expellers at room
temperature and
pressure is applied to
obtain oil
The oil is filtered,
steamed at 80-90oC for
precipitation of
poisonous principle
ricin and enzyme lipase
Oil is filtered and used
for medical purpose
The cake which remains
contain ricin, lipase and
oil
The cake is grounded,
steamed to 40-80oC and
high pressure is applied
This yields the second
quality of oil which is
used for industrial
purpose
Jegan
46. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Castor oil consist of glyceride of
Ricinoleic acid
Isoricinoleic acid
Stearic acid
Dihydroxy stearic acid
• Castor oil also contains vitamin F
• 90% of fatty acid content in castor oil is ricinoleic acid
Ricinoleic acid is responsible for laxative property
Jegan
47. 6. Use:
• Mild purgative
• Fungistatic
• Ointment base
• Plasticizer
• Ricinoleic acid is used in contraceptive creams and jellies
• Oil used in manufacturing of linoleum and alkyl resins
• Used in industrial production of coatings , textile industry, leather industry
Jegan
48. WOOL FAT
1. Synonym: Lanolin, Agnin, Alapurin
2. Biological source: lanolin is the fat-like purified secretion of the sebaceous glands
which is deposited into the wool fibres of sheep Ovis aries belonging to family
Bovidae
3. Preparation:
Jegan
49. Wool is cut and
washed with soap
or alkali
An emulsion of
wool fat called as
wool grease forms
in water
Raw lanolin is
separated by
cracking the
emulsion using
sulfuric acid
Wool grease floats on
the upper layer and
fatty acids are
dissolved in lower
layer
Lanolin is purified by
treating with sodium
peroxide and
bleaching with
reagents
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50. 5. Chemical Constituents:
• Lanolin is a complex mixture of esters and polyesters of 33 high molecular weight alcohols and 36
fatty acids
• It contains 3 types of fatty acids
Aliphatic alcohols
Steroid alcohols
Triterpenoid alcohols
• It also contains 3 types of acids
Hydroxylated acid
Saturated nonhydroxylated acid
Unsaturated nonhydroxylated acid
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51. • The chief constituents of lanolin are
Cholesterol
Isocholesterol
Unsaturated monohydric alcohols of
Lanoceric acid
Lanopalmitic acid
Carnaubic acid
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52. 6. Use:
• Used as emollient
• Water absorbable ointment base in
many skin cream and cosmetics
• Wool fat is readily absorbed through
skin and helps in increasing the
absorption of active ingredients
incorporated in the ointment
Jegan