This document discusses various types of marine drugs and their sources and properties. It covers antibiotics from red algae and sponges, anti-inflammatory compounds from cyanobacteria and soft corals, antispasmodics from sea sponges, antimicrobials from gorgonian corals and brown algae, and cardiovascular drugs from fish and algae. A wide range of marine organisms produce unique chemical compounds with pharmaceutical potential due to the harsh marine environment.
1. PHARMACOGNOSY ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC – LIPIDS ( WAXES, FATS , FIXED OILS )
AND MARINE DRUGS
Submitted by - Vijay Kumar Patel
B.Pharma 2nd Year
Roll No – 1905710500055
DR. BR Ambedkar Pooja College of
Pharmacy
Gorakhpur
Submitted to – Ajay Yadav
3. LIPIDS
INTRODUCTION
• Lipids are the molecules that contain
hydrocarbons and make up the buildings blocks
of the structure and function of living cells,
e.g. of lipids include fats,oils, waxes, certain
vitamins, hormones and most of the non-
protien membrane of cells.
• Lipids (fixed oils, fats, and waxes) are esters of long-chain fatty acid and alcohols or
of closely related derivatives.
• The chief difference between these substances is the type of alcohol.
• In fixed oils and fats, glycerol combines with the fatty acids:
• In waxes, the alcohol has a higher molecular weight,
e.g. ccetyl alcohol [CH3(CH2)15 OH]
• Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecule.
• Glycerol ( a type of alcohol with a hydroxyl group on each of three carbons) and
• Three fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis. Since there are three fatty acids
attached, these are known as triglycerides
4. FATS
• Fats which are mostly from animal source, have all single bonds
between the carbons in their fatty acid tails, thus all the carbons
are also bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen possible.
• Since the fatty acids in these triglycerides contain the maximum
possible amount of hydrogens, therefore are called saturated fats.
• The hydrocarbon chains in these fatty acids are, thus, fairly
straight and can pack closely together, making these fats solid at
room temperature.
5. OILS
• Oils, mostly from plant sources, have some double bonds between some of the
carbons in the hydrocarbon tail, causing bends in the shape of the molecules.
Production of fixed oils and fats:
Fixed oils and fats of vegetable oxigin are obtained by:
• Extraction by expression.
Fixed oils are obtained by expression in hydraulic presses. If the expression is
carried out in the cold, the oil is known as a "cold-pressed oil. In contrast, if the
expression is carried out in heat, the oil is known as a "hot pressed ol.
• Extraction by solvents
Sometimes organic solvents are used for the extraction of oils.
•Animal fats are separated from other tissues by rendering with steam, with or
without pressure. The heat melts the fat, which rises to the top andmay be separated
by decantation.
6. Biosynthesis of lipids:
The biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is fromcombinations
of acetate units (acetate pathway).
Application of fixed oils and fats
1. Soap manufacture
2. Suppositories, tablet couting
3. Dietary supplements
4. Emulsifying agents
5. Manufacture of paints, varnishes and lubricants
6. Therapeutic uses (castor oil).
Examples
Castor oil
Olive oil
Peanut oil
Soybean oil
Sesame oil
Almond oil
Cottonseed oil
Com oil
7. WAXES
• Like fats, waxes are esters of fatty acids. The alcohol, however, is not
glycerol but usually a long-chain, high-molecular weight alcohol.
• In plants, waxes are generally found covering the external parts, like the
epidermis of leaves and fruits, where their main function is to prevent
the loss of water.
• Wax is also produced by insects, eg the honeycombs of bees and wasps.
USES OF WAX
1. Wax is used in pharmacy to make soft oirements harder and to prepare
lipe salves, (lips balm).
2. 2. The technical mes of waxes are substantial, e.g. in shoe polishes and
car
Examples:
• Jojoba wan (Simmondsia chists)
• Beeswax Apis mellifera
• Carnauba wax ( Copernisia cerifera
8. CASTOR OIL
Synonym : Ricinous oil
Biological Source
Castor of is the fixed oil obtained by the cold
expression of the soods of Ricinus communis,
family Euphorbiaceae.
Geographical Sources: Native to India. Produced in
Brazil, India, China,Rusa & Thailand.
BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• Seeds show considerable difference in colour & size.
• They are oval, slightly compressed.
• Colour uniform grey, brown or black, mostled with brown or black.
• If grown in good conditions, they have very little odour & the taste is
slightly acrid.
• If the tests are broken, runcidity will develop.
9. CASTOR OIL: PREPARATION: 90% of the world's castor oil is prepared in India
& Bearil Small amounts of raw seeds are now exported.
Method of preparation: Seeds are removed from the testa. Kernels are
coldpressed with a hydraulic press. Oil is then refined by steaming, filtration
&bleaching.
Cold-expression yields 33% of medicinal oil. Further amounts of lower
qualityoil may be obtained by other methods.
CASTOR OIL: CHARACTERISTICS:
• Medicinal castor oil is a colourless or pale yellow liquid, with a slight odour
& faintly acrid taste.
• Acid value: increases with age. If initially high-indicates the use of
damagedsees or careless extraction or storage.
• Viscosity: Extremely high
10. CASTOR OIL: CONSTITUENTS: Castor seeds contain 46-53% fixed oil.
These fixed oils consist of the glycosides of
• Ricinole
• IcIscricinoleic
• Steric
• Dihydroxystoric acids
• The cake, after expression, contains extremely personeux toxins (cins)
CASTOR OIL: USES & ACTIONS:
• Castor oil is used to that constipation. It may also be used to clean out
• the intestines before a bowel examination/surgery.
• Castor oil is known as a stimulant laxative. It works by increasing
themovement of the intestines, helping the stool to come out
• Because of the ricin, the seeds have a much more violent action than the oil
and is not used as a purgative in the West.
11. CHAULMOOGRA OIL
Synonyms
Hydnocarpus oil; gynocardia oil.
Biological Source
Chaulmoogra oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds
of Taraktogenos kurzii King, (syn. Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb.), Hydnocarpus
wightiana Blume, H. anthelminticta Pierre, H. heterophylla, and other species of
Hydnocarpus, belonging to family Flacourtiaceae.
Geographical Source
The plants are tall trees, up to 17 m high, with narrow crown of hanging branches;
native to Burma, Thailand, eastern India, and Indo-China.
Characteristics
The oil is yellow or brownish yellow. Below 25°C it is a soft solid. It has peculiar odour
and sharp taste. It is soluble in benzene, chloroform, ether, petrol; slightly soluble in
cold alcohol; almost entirely soluble in hot alcohol and carbon disulphide.
12. Chemical Constituents
Chaulmoogra oil contains glycerides of cyclopentenyl fatty acids like hydnocarpic
acid (48%), chaulmoogric acid (27%), gorlic acid with small amounts of glycerides of
palmitic acid (6%), and oleic acid (12%). The cyclic acids are formed during last 3–4
months of maturation of the fruit and are strongly bactericidal towards the
Micrococcus of leprosy.
The seeds of H. wightiana contain a flavonolignan hydnocarpin; isohydnocarpin,
methoxy hydnocarpin, apigenin, luteolin, chrysoeriol, hydnowightin, epivolkenin, and
cyclopentenoid cyanohydrin glycosides.
13. Synonyms: Lanolin, Hydrous wool fat, Aeps
lanae.
Biological Source: Purified fat like substance
(Secreted by thesebaceous glands of the sheep)
obtained from the wool of thesheep Ovis ar is
aries.
Belongs to family Bovidae.
Geographical source: India (Less extent),
Australia (Major), USA,
WOOL FAT
DESCRIPTION:
• Colour-whitish-yellow
• Odour - faint and characteristic
• Taste – bland
• Solubility-insoluble in water
-soluble in chloroform and solvent ether
14. METHOD OF PREPARATION:
• Raw wool contains 31% wool fibres, suint or wool sweat(chemically
potassium salts of fatty acids), 32 % earthy matter and 25% wool grease
or crude lanolin.
• Crude lanolin is separated by washing with sulphuric acid or suitable
organic solvent or soap solution.
• It is further purified or bleached
• The product is known as anhydrous lanolin or wool fat
• Hydrous wool fat prepared by mixing anhydrous product with30%
water.
STANDARDS:-
• Melting point: 34 to 44 degree celsius
• Acid value: not more than 1
• lodine value: 18-36
• Saponification value: 90-105
• Peroxide value: not more than 20
15. The chief constituents of lanolin are cholesterol, iso-cholesterol,
unsaturated monohydric alcohols of the formula C27H45OH, both
free and combined with lanoceric (C30H60O4), lanopalmitic
(C16H22O3), carnaubic, and other fatty acids.
Chemical Constituents
Identification Tests
Dissolve 0.5 g of lanolin in chloroform, and to it add 1 ml of acetic anhydride and
two drops of sulphuric acid. A deep green colour is produced, indicating the
presence of cholesterol.
16. Uses
• Lanolin is used as an emollient, as water
absorbable ointment base in many skin
creams and cosmetic and for hoof
dressing.
• Wool fat is readily absorbed through skin
and helps in increasing the absorption of
active ingredients incorporated in the
ointment.
• However, it may act as an allergenic
contactant in hypersensitive persons.
17. BEESWAX
Synonyms
White beeswax, yellow beeswax, cera
alba, and cera flava.
Biological Source
Beeswax is the purified wax obtained
from honeycomb of hive bee, Apis
mellifera Linn and other species of Apis,
belonging to family Apidae.
Geographical Source
It is mainly found in Jamaica, Egypt,
Africa, India, France, Italy, California etc.
18. Preparation:
1) The combs and capping of honeycomb are broken and boiled in soft
water;
2) These are then enclosed in a porous bag weighed to keep under water,
the boiling causes oozing of the wax, which get collected outside the
bag and form a cake after cooling.
3) The debris on outer surface is removed by scraping.
4) The process is repeated several times and finally wax is skimmed off.
Description:
• Colour: Yellow to yellowish-brown
• Odour: Agreeable and honey-like
Extra features:
• Non crystalline solid.
• Soft to touch and crumbles under pressure of fingers to plastic mass.
• Under molten condition, it can be given any desired shape.
• It breaks with a granular fracture.
Solubility:
• Insoluble in water
• Soluble in hot alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbontetrachloride, fixed
and volatile oils.
19. Chemical Constituents
Beeswax contains myricin, which is
melissyl palmitate; melting point 64°C,
free cerotic acid (C26H52O2), myricyl
alcohol (C30H61OH) is liberated when
myricyl palmitate is saponified. Melissic
acid, some unsaturated acids of the oleic
series, ceryl alcohol, and 12 to 13%
higher hydrocarbons are present.
Uses
Beeswax is used in the preparation of
ointments, plaster, and polishes.
20. Adulterants
• Beeswax is adulterated by solid paraffin, ceresin, carnauba wax, or
other fats and waxes of animal or mineral origin.
• Spermaceti and lard render wax softer and less cohesive, of a
smoother and less granular fracture and different odour when
heated.
• The melting point and specific gravity are lowered by tallow, suet,
lard, and especially by paraffin.
• Ceresin, a principle obtained from ozokerite is also employed as an
adulterant.
• In yellow wax the iodine value is also of use as a test for detection
of adulterants but in white wax the bleaching process has altered
the bodies which absorb the iodine.
Marketed Products
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Saaf Organic
Eraser Body Oil and Jatyadi tail (Dabur).
22. INTRODUCTION
Marine Drugs: The drug obtained from
marine organisms which are being
conventionally used like shark and cod-liver
oils, sodium alginate, agar-agar, chitin etc.
Importance of Marine Drugs:-
Marine organisms are potential source for
drug discovery.
Life has originated from the oceans that
cover over 70% of the surface of earth and
contain highly ecological, chemical and
biological diversity starting from micro-
organisms to vertebrates.
This diversity has been the source of unique
chemical compounds, which hold
tremendous pharmaceutical potential.
• Because of the highly chemical and physical harsh conditions in marine
environment, the organisms produce a variety of molecules with unique
structural features and exhibit various types of biological activities.
24. ANTIBIOTICS COMPOUNDS
1. CYCLOEVDESMOL
• Bio source - Red algae Chondria
oppositiclada
• Chemistry - Eudesmol
(Sesquiterpenoid)
• Use - Antibiotic
2. VARIABILIN
• Chemistry - Furanose ester
terpene
• Use – Antibiotic
• Bio source - Sponge, Ircinia oros
25. ANTIINFLAMMATORY
BIO-INDOL
• Biosource-It is obtained from marine
cyanobacterium Rivularia firma
• Chemical compound - Bio Indol
derivativeUse - Anti-inflammatory
agent
BUTANOLIDE
• Biosource - It is obtained from
marineEuplexaura flava
• Chemical compound-Butanolide
derivative
• Use - Anti-inflammatory agent
26. ANTISPASMODIC AGENTS
AGELASIDINE A
• Biosource - It is obtained from
Okinawa seasponge Agelas spp
• Chemical compound -
Agelasidine A is the first marine
natural products containing
Guanine andsulfone units.
• Use - Antispasmodic agent
27. ANTIMICROBIAL
EUNICIN
• Biosource: It is obtained from Gorgonian
coralsEunicia mammosa.
• Chemistry – Diterpene
• Use - Antimicrobial
ZONAROL AND ISO-ZORANOL
• Biosource:Zonarol and Iso-zonarol are both
obtained from Dictyopteris zonaroides (Brown algae).
• Chemistry – Flavonoid
• Use: Antimicrobial
28. CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES
EPTATRETIN
• Bio-source - It is found in the bronchial hearts of pacific
hogfish i.e. Eptatretus stoutii
• Use - It is a potent Cardiac stimulant with direct
stimulant action on mammalian myocardium.
LAMININE
• Biosource-It is obtained from Marine algae,Laminaria angustata
• Use - Hypotensive agent
ANTHOPLEURINS
• Biosource-It is obtained from Coelenterates Anthropleura
xanthogrammica
• Use - Cardiotonic (35 times more potent ascompared to digitoin)
29. CYTOTOXIC ( ANTICANCER ) COMPOUNDS
SIMULARIN
• Source - Soft coral Sinularia fleibili
• Chemistry - Cembranoids (14 C cyclic
diterpenoid with eocyclic lactone
• Use - Anticancer
ASPERDIOL
• Source - From gorgonian coral Eunicea
knighti
• Chemistry- Non lactone cembranoid
• Use - Leukemia
30. MARINE TOXINS
CIGUATOXIN
• Biosource - It is found in red
tidedinoflagellate i.e. Gambier discus-
toxicusToxic
• Symptoms - Neurological,
cardiovascular, G.I.T disorders
PALYTOXIN
• Biosource - It is present in
Palythoaspecies
• Toxic Symptoms -On coronary
arteries
