This document provides information on 8 compounds: 1-aminophenazone, theophylline, caffeine, atropine, phenacetin, scopolamine, ephedrine, and codeine. For each compound, it discusses the source/synthesis, applications/actions on the body, metabolism, and methods of detection. The key points covered are the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of many of the compounds as well as how they are metabolized and can be detected through reactions, color changes, or precipitation with specific reagents.

1. Name :- ALBUISSA MUHAMMED
HAMED
Group :- 887 B

2.  1-aminophenazone
 2- theophylline
 3- caffeine
 4- atropin
 5-phenacetin
 6-scopolamine
 7-ephedrine
 8-codeine

3. AMINOPHENAZONE Aminophenazone (amidopyrinum) is 1-phenyl-
2,3-dimethyl-4- dimethylaminopyrazolon-5. Application. Action on an
organism.
Aminophenazone is applied at headaches, neuralgia, myositis, acute
rheumatic disease, arthritises. Aminophenazone is an anlgesic and
antipyretic, which is now little used since agranulocytosis, and renal
tubular nesrosis may occur after therapeutic dosage.
Ingestion of about 10 g can cause severe acute poisoning in an adult. At
long-term treatment arise oppression of a hemopoiesis and dermal
eruptions

4. . Metabolism. Aminophenazone metabolised with
desmethylation and acetylation. Aminophenazone
metabolites are 4-aminoantipyrine, methyl
aminoantipyrine, rubeazonic and methyl rubeazonic acids.
These acids have red colour and urine of the persons
ingested large doses of aminophenazone can have red-
brown colour.

5. THEOPHYLLINE
Theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthen) is alkaloid of purine derivatives, which contains
in tea leafs. Now theophylline receives by synthesis. Application. Action on an
organism. Theophylline is applied in medicine as powder and tablets. Theophylline is
a bronchodilatator widely used in the treatmant of asthma, often as a mixture with
ethylenediamine (aminophylline). Theophylline has the expressed diuretic action.

6.  Detection of Theophylline
 1. Theophylline gives murexide reaction.
 2. Theophylline gives reaction with diazoted sulphanylic acid.
 3. Ethylenediamine gives a green colour in the o-
cresole/ammonia urine test used to detect paracetamol, but in
this case only indicates prior ingestion of aminophylline.
Detection of Theophylline
1. Theophylline gives murexide reaction.
2. Theophylline gives reaction with diazoted sulphanylic acid.
3. Ethylenediamine gives a green colour in the o-cresole/ammonia urine test used to
detect paracetamol, but in this case only indicates prior ingestion of aminophylline.

7.  CAFFEINE
 Caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthen. Caffeine contains in coffee, tea,
cola and other beverages. Except for a caffeine specified plants
contain also others derivative of a xanthine (theobromine,
theophylline). Now caffeine not only extracts from plants, but also
receives by a synthetic way. In an alkaline condition the caffeine is
decomposed with formation of physiologically inactive caffeidine:
Caffeine Caffeidine
CAFFEINE
Caffeine is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthen. Caffeine contains in coffee, tea, cola and other beverages.
Except for a caffeine specified plants contain also others derivative of a xanthine (theobromine,
theophylline). Now caffeine not only extracts from plants, but also receives by a synthetic way.
In an alkaline condition the caffeine is decomposed with formation of physiologically inactive
caffeidine: Caffeine Caffeidine

8.  Application.
 Action on organism. The caffeine renders exciting action
on the central nervous system, weakens action of soporific
and narcotic agents, raises an excitability of spinal cord,
raises respiratory and vasomotoric centers. Under caffeine
influence cardiac activity amplifies.
Application.
Action on organism. The caffeine renders exciting action on the central nervous system, weakens
action of soporific and narcotic agents, raises an excitability of spinal cord, raises respiratory and
vasomotoric centers. Under caffeine influence cardiac activity amplifies.

9. Apllication
-
weakens
action of
soporific
and narcotic
agents
Action on
organism
-
raises
respiratory
and
vasomotoric
centers
-

10. Metabolism.
The caffeine is quickly resorpted
from the alimentary canal. About 85
% of an oral dose is excreted
unchanged in urine. The caffeine is
quickly decomposed in organism
(approximately 15 % of the accepted
dose is decomposed during 1 hour)
by Ndemethylation and oxidation

11. Detection of Caffeine
1.
Caffeine gives positive murexide reaction.
2.
Caffeine gives precipitates with Dragendorf's, Sonnechtain's, and Schaibler's reagents.
3.
At warming (on a boiling water bath) caffeine solution with Nessler's reagent during 1 – 2 minutes forms a red-brown
precipitate.

12. APPLICATION
• Metabolism. Phenazone is quickly penetrates in
blood from alimentary canal. The maximal level it
in plasma is achieved through 1–2 hours. 5 % of
phenazone dosage eliminates from organism
unchanged.
At neuralgias, rheumatic
disease, chorea, and
catarrhal diseases. This
drug is analgesic,
antipyretic and
antiinflammatory.

13. PHENACETIN
Application. Action on an organism. It is applied at headache and neuralgia.
Phenacetinum was previously used as an antipyretic and analgesic, but long-term use
was 122 associated with nephrotoxicity.
Sometimes at treatment of phenacetin large dosages cases of allergic reactions,
methemoglobinemia, anemia are observed. Metabolism. Phenacetin is metabolised
with desalkylation and hydroxylation. It is largely metabolised to paracetamol

14. Ingestion of phenacetin can be detected in urine using the o-cresol/ammonia
test on a hydrolysed urine specimen.
Detection of phenacetin after hydrolysis. The majority of phenacetin detection
reactions is reduced to detection of p-aminophenol. p-Aminophenol presence
can be detected in reactions of indophenolic and azo dyes formation.
Reaction of indophenolic dye formation. With anhydrite of chromate acid
added to hydrolysate arise cherry-red colour. Reaction formation of
ammonium salt of indophenolic dye

15. Atropine is an alkaloid contained in plants such as Atropa
belladonna and Datura stramonium.
Atropine is ester of alcohol tropine and tropanic acid.
A stereoisomer of atropine is Hyoscyamine is rotating
stereoisomer of atropine.
L-rotatory hyoscyamine is less physiologically active than
atropine.

16. . In medical practice is used atropine sulphate.
It has potent anticholinergic activity and is used to reduce bronchial
and salivary secretion before anaesthesia, to treat gastrointestinal
spasm and to produce mydriasis in ophthalmic procedures.
Atropine is also used as an antidote to poisoning with inhibitors of
cholinesterase, such as some organophosphorous pesticides

17. . METABOLISM
Atropine is decomposed in organism to tropine and tropanic acid. However this
decomposing is not the basic pathway of atropine metabolism.
Testifies that only about 2 % of tropanic acid eliminate with urine.
In urine it is revealed 3, and in liver 4 metabolites of atropine, which are not
identified.
About 50 % of atropine eliminate with urine in the not changed kind.

18. detiction
Reactions with reagents of group precipitation of alkaloids. Atropine gives specific
precipitates with Buschard’s, Dragendorf's, and Maier's reagents.
Vitalie-Moren's reaction. This reaction is based on decomposition of atropine with nitrate
acid. Are formed tropine and 1-phenyl-hydracrylic acid.
1-Phenyl-hydracrylic acid formes trinitroderivative having yellow colour: At action of alkali
on trinitroderivative of 1-phenyl-hydracrylic acid arises violet colour: Limit of detection is 1
µg in sample.

19. SCOPOLAMINE
Scopolamine (hyoscine) is an alkaloid contained in plants such as Datura stramonium
and Scopolia carniolica. Scopolamine is an ester of alcohol scopine and tropanic acid. In
medicine is used scopolamine hydrobromide. Application.
Action on organism. Scopolamine similarly to atropine causes mydriasis, paralysis of an
accommodation, relaxation of sleek muscles, decrease of a secretion digestive and sweat
glands. Scopolamine is used as antiemetic and calmative at sea and airs illnesses.

20. Metabolism.
Scopolamine is metabolised by hydrolysis. The
major amount of scopolamine is decomposed in
liver and is eliminated from organism with urine.

21. Detection of Scopolamine
Scopolamine gives the same reactions, which are applied for atropine
detection (Vitalie-Moren's reaction, reaction with p-
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and with Raineke's salt).
Reaction with hydrogen tetrabromoaurate. Scopolamine with
hydrogen tetrabromoaurrate forms light brown, yellow or orange-red
crystals (gear dendrites). A limit of detection is 1 µg in sample.

22. COCAINE
Cocaine is an alkaloid obtained from coca, the dried leaves of Erythroxylon coca and other species
of Erythroxylon, or by synthesis from ecgonine. Chemically cocaine is methyl ether of
benzoylecgonine.
Application. Action on organism. Cocaine is applied in medicine as a hydrochloride. Cocaine
hydrochloride is an effective local anaesthetic when used at concentrations of 10- 200 g/l, but
normally only applied topically because of the risk of the systemic toxicity if given by other routes.
Injection or inhalation into the nasal passages (sniffing, snorting) frequently abuses cocaine.

23. Metabolism.
Cocaine basically is metabolised in
liver. Metabolites formed at it
eliminate with urine. The principal
metabolites are benzoylecgonine,
ecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester.
Only 1-9 % of an intravenous dose is
excreted in urine as cocaine, while 35-
55 % is excreted as benzylecgonine.

24. Detection of Cocaine
Reaction with reagents of group precipitation of alkaloids. Cocaine gives precipitates
with Maier's, Buschard’s, and Dragendorf's reagents and with nitroxanthic acid. Reaction
with potassium permanganate. With solution of potassium permanganate cocaine forms
red-violet crystals shaped of rectangular plates and dendrites.
Limit of detection is 4 µg in sample. With potassium permanganate the crystalline
precipitates give scopolamine, aconitine, cotarnine, berberine and hydrastine

25. Ephedrine
is acyclic alkaloid, in which amino-group is in lateral chain. Application.
Action on organism. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic agent. It raises
arterial pressure, narrows vessels, dilates a pupil and bronchus, reduces
intestine peristalsis, and raises the central nervous system.
In medicine the ephedrine is used at bronchial asthma and in
ophthalmology practice.

26. Metabolism.
Ephedrine is metabolised by N-demethylation to
norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine), and by
oxidative deamination and conjugation.
Ephedrine is itself a metabolite of methylaphedrine.
Ephedrine metabolites eliminate from organism with
urine.

27. Detection of Ephedrine
Reaction with copper salts and carbon disulfide. At interaction of
ephedrine with carbon disulfide and alkaline solution of copper
sulphate forms derivative of dithiocarbamic acids, soluble in benzene:
At presence of ephedrine the benzene solution gets brown or yellow
colour. Limit of detection is 2 µg in sample.

28. Codeine
is monomethylic ether of morphine. In opium contains 0,2 – 2 % of
codeine. Application. Action on organism. Codeine is a narcotic
analgesic. Codeine less than morphine oppress respiration and used
as cough medicine.
Metabolism. Codeine is metabolised by O-demethylation and N-
demethylation to give morphine and norcodeine, respectively, and
by conjugation to form glucuronides and sulphates of both parent
drug and metabolites.

29. Detection of Codeine
Preliminary tests on presence of Codeine in
urine. 1. On filter paper execute reaction with
Brand’s reagent. Codeine gives red colour
passing in blue-violet. 2. On filter paper
execute reaction with ammonium vanadate
solution in sulphate acid. Codeine gives green
colour passing in dark blue. Reactions with
reagents of group precipitation of alkaloids.

30. Quantitative determination of codeine.
For codeine determination is used extraction-photocolorimetric assay. The method
of photocolorimetric determination of codeine is based on reaction with tropeolin
00, at which is formed purple ionic associate extracted by chloroform.
This method enables to determine from 0,2 mg up to 2,0 mg of codeine in sample.

31. ALBUISSA MUHAMMED HAMED
887B