Tablets are solid oral dosage forms consisting of active ingredients and excipients. They are manufactured through processes like granulation and compression. Tablets offer advantages like precise dosing and stability but some drugs are not suitable for tablets. Tablet properties like hardness, friability and dissolution are evaluated. Common issues in tablet manufacturing include capping, lamination, picking and sticking which have formulation-related and machine-related causes and remedies.
In the changing scenario of pharmacy practice in India, for successful practice of
Hospital Pharmacy, the students are required to learn various skills like drug distribution,
drug dispensing, manufacturing of parenteral preparations, drug information, patient
counselling, and therapeutic drug monitoring for improved patient care
In this presentation I have tried to explain in detail about tablets, their different types, ingredients which are used to prepare them, and the procedure to prepare them as well. This presentation is very useful for pharmacy students.
In the changing scenario of pharmacy practice in India, for successful practice of
Hospital Pharmacy, the students are required to learn various skills like drug distribution,
drug dispensing, manufacturing of parenteral preparations, drug information, patient
counselling, and therapeutic drug monitoring for improved patient care
In this presentation I have tried to explain in detail about tablets, their different types, ingredients which are used to prepare them, and the procedure to prepare them as well. This presentation is very useful for pharmacy students.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Introduction
• Tablets are solid dosage forms consisting of active
ingredient(s) and suitable pharmaceutical
excipients.
• They may vary in size, shape, weight, hardness,
thickness, disintegration and dissolution
characteristics, and in other aspects.
• They may be classyfied, according to the method
of manufacture, as compressed tablets or molded
tablets.
3. • Traditionally, tablets have been made by
granulation, a process that imparts two primary
requisites to formulate: compactibility and
fluidity.
• Both wet granulation and dry granulation
(slugging and roll compaction) are used.
• Numerous unit processes are involved in making
tablets, including particle size reduction and
sizing, blending, granulation, drying, compaction,
and (frequently) coating.
4. Advantages
• They are unit dosage forms hence precise
dose delivery and least content variability.
• They are economic amongst oral dosage
forms.
• They are lightest and most compactable.
• They are easily packed and equally
economical.
• Product identification is simpler.
5. • Self administration by the patient can be
achieved.
• They lend themselves to certain release profile,
like Enteric, sustained release products.
• They have best combined properties of chemical,
mechanical and microbiologic stability of all the
oral forms.
6. Disadvantages
• Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts
• Drugs with poor wetting, slow dissolution, intermediate
to large dosages may be difficult or impossible to
formulate and manufacture as a tablet that provide
adequate or full drug bioavailability
• Bitter taste drugs, drugs with an objectionable odor, or
sensitive to oxygen or moisture may require
encapsulation or entrapment prior to compression or the
tablets may require coating
8. Tablet design and Formulation
The main objective of the design and
manufacture of the compressed tablets,
• deliver oral correct amount of the drug, in
proper form, at proper time and in desired
location and to have its chemical integrity
protected to that point.
9. Characteristics of ideal tablet
• It should be elegant.
• It should have strength to withstand
mechanical shocks during various processes.
• It should have physical and chemical stability.
• It should be able to release medicinal agents
in predictable and reproducible manner.
10. Formulation components
• Formulation components attribute towards:
• Provide essential manufacturing technology
functions (Binders, lubricants, glidants)
• Modify drug release (Disintegrants, polymers)
• Enhance stability (Antioxidants)
• Enhance patient acceptance (Flavors, Colors)
All non drug components of a formula are termed
as EXCIPIENTS.
11. Characteristics of ideal Excipient
• They must be nontoxic and acceptable to regulatory
agencies.
• They must be commercially available in acceptable grade
• There cost must be low
• They must be physiologically inert
• They must be physically & chemically stable by themselves
& in combination with the drugs.
• They must be free from all microbial contamination.
• They do not alter the bioavailability of drug.
• They must be color compatible.
13. Diluents
Diluents are fillers used to make required bulk of
the tablet when the drug dosage itself is
inadequate to produce the bulk. Secondary
reason is to provide better tablet properties
such as improve cohesion, to permit use of
direct compression manufacturing or to
promote flow.
15. Binders and Adhesives
Binders promote the adhesion of particles of the
formulation. Such adhesion enables
preparation of granules and maintains the
integrity of the final tablet.
17. Disintegrants
The breakup of the tablets to smaller particles is
important for dissolution of the drug & subsequent
bioavailability. Disintegrators promote such breakup. To
rupture or breakup of tablets, disintegrating agents
must swell or expand on exposure to aqueous solution.
Thus, the most effective disintegrating agents in most
tablet systems are those with the highest water uptake
property. In general, the more hydrophilic, the better
disintegrating agents are therefore highly hydrophilic.
18. Commonly used tablet disintegrants
• Starch‐ 5‐20% of tablet weight.
• Starch derivative – Primogel and Explotab (1‐8%)
• Clays‐ Veegum HV, bentonite 10% level in colored tablet
only
• Cellulose
• Cellulose derivatives‐ Ac‐ Di‐Sol (sodium carboxy methyl
• cellulose)
• Alginate
• PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), cross‐linked
19. Lubricants and Glidants
• Lubricant is a substance capable of reducing or
preventing friction, heat, and wear when
introduced as a film between solid surfaces. It
works by coating on the surface of particles, and
thus preventing adhesion of the tablet material to
the dies and punches.
• Glidants are intended to promote flow of
granules or powder material by reducing the
friction between the particles.
20. Commonly used tablet lubricant and
Glidants
• Lubricants‐ Stearic acid, Stearic acid salt ‐
Stearic acid, Magnesium stearate, Talc, PEG
(Polyethylene glycols), Surfactants
• Glidants‐ Corn Starch – 5‐10% conc., Talc‐5%
conc., Silica derivative ‐ Colloidal silicas such
as Cab‐O‐Sil, Syloid, Aerosil in 0.25‐3% conc.
21. Coloring agents
(1) Masking of off color drugs
(2) Product Identification
(3) Production of more elegant product
All coloring agents must be approved and certified by
FDA. Two forms of colors are used in tablet preparation
– FD &C and D & C dyes.
These dyes are applied as solution in the granulating
agent or Lake form of these dyes. Lakes are dyes
absorbed on hydrous oxide and employed as dry
powder coloring.
22. Commonly used tablet colorants
• FD & C yellow 6‐sunset yellow
• FD & C yellow 5‐ Tartrazine
• FD & C green 3‐ Fast Green
• FD & C blue 1‐ Brilliant Blue
• FD & C blue 2 ‐ Indigo carmine
• D & Cred 3‐ Erythrosine.
• D & Cred 22 – Eosin Y
23. Flavors and sweeteners
Flavoring agents: For chewable tablet‐ flavor oil are used
Sweetening agents:
For chewable tablets: Sugar, mannitol.
• Saccharine (artificial): 500 time’s sweeter than sucrose
• Disadvantage: Bitter aftertaste and carcinogenic
• Aspartame (artificial)
• Disadvantage: Lack of stability in presence of moisture.
26. Wet Granulation Mechanism
There are five primary bonding
mechanisms between particles:
• Adhesion and cohesion forces in the
immobile liquid films between
individual primary powder particles;
Surface tension and negative
capillary pressure
• Interfacial forces in mobile liquid
films within the granules; Coalesce
• Capillary stage interfacial forces
• The formation of solid bridges after
solvent evaporation;
• Attractive forces between solid
particles;
• Mechanical interlocking.
.
28. Tablet compression Machines
Tablets are made by compressing a formulation containing a
drug or drugs with excipients on stamping machine called
presses. Tablet presses are designed with following basic
components:
1) Hopper for holding and feeding granulation
2) Dies that define the size and shape of the tablet.
3) Punches for compressing the granulation within the dies.
4) Cam tracks for guiding the movement of the punches.
5) A feeding mechanism for moving granulation from hopper
into the dies
32. Evaluation of Tablets
1. General Appearance: The general appearance of a tablet, its identity and general
elegance is essential for consumer acceptance, for control of lot‐to‐lot uniformity and
tablet‐to‐tablet uniformity. The control of general appearance involves the
measurement of size, shape, color, presence or absence of odor, taste etc.
2. Size & Shape: It can be dimensionally described & controlled. The thickness of a tablet
is only variables. Tablet thickness can be measured by micrometer or by other device.
Tablet thickness should be controlled within a ± 5% variation of standard value.
3. Unique identification marking: These marking utilize some form of embossing,
engraving or printing. These markings include company name or symbol, product code,
product name etc.
4. Organoleptic properties: Color distribution must be uniform with no mottling. For visual
color comparison compare the color of sample against standard color.
5. Hardness and Friability: Tablet requires a certain amount of strength or hardness and
resistance to friability to withstand mechanical shakes of handling in manufacture,
packaging and shipping. Hardness generally measures the tablet crushing strength
33.
34. 6.Friability:
Friability of a tablet can determine in laboratory by Roche friabilator.
This consist of a plastic chamber that revolves at
25 rpm, dropping the tablets through a
Distance of six inches in the friabilator, which
is then operate for 100 revolutions. The
tablets are reweighed. Compress tablet that
lose less than 0.5 to 1.0 % of the Tablet weigh
are consider acceptable.
35.
36. Drug Content and Release
• Uniformity of Weight of Single-Dose Preparations
Weigh individually 20 units selected at random or, for
single dose preparations in individual containers, the
contents of 20 units, and calculate the average weight.
Not more than two of the individual weights deviate
from the average weight by more than the percentage
shown in the table and none deviates by more than
twice that percentage
37. Dosage form Average weight
Percentage
deviation
Uncoated and film- coated tablets 80 mg or less 10
More than 80 mg but less than 250
mg
7.5
250 mg or more 5
Capsules, granules and
powders (single-dose)
Less than 300 mg 10
300 mg or more 7.5
Powders for parenteral Use More than 40 mg 10
Pessaries and
suppositories
All weights 5
38. Uniformity of Content for Single-Dose
Preparations
The test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations is based on the
assay of the individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of
single-dose units to determine whether the individual contents are within
limits set with reference to the average content of the sample.
• Method. Determine the content of active ingredient(s) in each of 10
dosage units taken at random using the method given in the monograph
or by any other suitable analytical method.
• Acceptance limits
The tablets comply with the test if not more than one of the individual values
thus obtained is outside the limits 85 to 115% of the average value and
none is outside the limits 75 to 125% of the average value. If two or
three of the individual values are outside the limits 85 to 115% of the
average value and none is outside the limits 75 to 125%, repeat the
determination using another 20 tablets. The tablets comply with the test if
in the total sample of 30 tablets not more than three of the individual
values are outside the limits 85 to 115% and none is outside the limits 75
to 125% of the average value.
40. Dissolution
• Two objectives in
development of invitro
dissolution tests are to
show
1. That drug release is as
close as possible to
100% , and
2. That the rate of drug
release is uniform batch
to batch.
42. Processing Problems
• Capping and Lamination
1. Capping and lamination have in the past been
attributed to air entrapment during compression
process, and does not escape until compression
force is removed.
2. However researches revealed that Capping and
lamination are due to deformational properties
of the formulation.
43. THE CAUSES AND REMEDIES OF CAPPING RELATED TO
‘FORMULATION’ (GRANULATION)
Sno CAUSES REMEDIES
1 Large amount of fines in the granulation
Remove some or all fines through 100
to 200 mesh screen
2 Too dry or very low moisture content
(leading to loss of proper binding action).
Moisten the granules suitably. Add
hygroscopic substance e.g.: Sorbitol,
Methylcellulose or PEG-4000.
3 Not thoroughly dried granules. Dry the granules properly.
4
Insufficient amount of binder or improper
binder.
Increasing the amount of binder OR
Adding dry binder such as pre-gelatinized
Starch, Gum acacia, powdered Sorbitol,
PVP, hydrophilic Silica or powdered Sugar.
5 Insufficient or improper lubricant. Increase the amount of lubricant or
change the type of lubricant.
6 Granular mass too cold to compress firm. Compress at room temperature.
44. THE CAUSES AND REMEDIES OF CAPPING RELATED TO
‘MACHINE’ (DIES, PUNCHES AND TABLET PRESS)
Sr. No. CAUSES REMEDIES
1. Poorly finished dies Polish dies properly. Investigate other steels or other materials.
2. Deep concave punches or beveled-edge faces of punches. Use flat punches.
3. Lower punch remains below the face of die during ejection. Make proper setting of lower punch during ejection.
4. Incorrect adjustment of sweep-off blade. Adjust sweep-off blade correctly to facilitate proper ejection.
5. High turret speed. Reduce speed of turret (Increase dwell time).
45. Picking and sticking
• Picking is a term used to describe the surface
material from a tablet that is sticking to and
being removed from the tablet’s surface by a
punch.
• Sticking refers to tablet material adhering to
die wall.
46. THE CAUSES AND REMEDIES OF PICKING RELATED TO
MACHINE (DIES, PUNCHES AND TABLET PRESS)
Sr. No. CAUSES REMEDIES
1. Rough or scratched punch faces. Polish faces to high luster.
2.
Embossing or engraving letters on punch faces such as
B, A, O, R, P, Q, G.
Design lettering as large as possible.
Plate the punch faces with chromium to produce a
smooth and non-adherent face.
3. Bevels or dividing lines too deep. Reduce depths and sharpness.
4. Pressure applied is not enough; too soft tablets. Increase pressure to optimum.
47. THE CAUSES AND REMEDIES OF STICKING RELATED TO
FORMULATION (GRANULATION)
Sr. No. CAUSES REMEDIES
1. Granules not dried properly.
Dry the granules properly. Make moisture analysis to
determine limits.
2. Too little or improper lubrication. Increase or change lubricant.
3. Too much binder
Reduce the amount of binder or use a different type of
binder.
4. Hygroscopic granular material.
Modify granulation and compress under controlled
humidity.
5. Oily or way materials Modify mixing process. Add an absorbent.
48. Sr. No. CAUSES REMEDIES
1.
A coloured drug used along with colourless or white-
coloured excipients.
Use appropriate colourants.
2.
A dye migrates to the surface of granulation while
drying.
Change the solvent system,
Change the binder,
Reduce drying temperature and
Use a smaller particle size.
3.
Improperly mixed dye, especially during ‘Direct
Compression’.
Mix properly and reduce size if it is of a larger size to
prevent segregation.
4. Improper mixing of a coloured binder solution.
Incorporate dry colour additive during powder blending
step, then add fine powdered adhesives such as acacia
and tragacanth and mix well and finally add granulating
liquid.
Mottling
Unequal distribution of color on a tablet, with
light or dark spots.
49. Weight Variation
The weight of tablet being compressed is
determined by the amount of granulation in the
die prior to the compression. Therefore anything
that can alter the die filling process can alter
tablet weight.
1. Granule size and size distribution before
compression,
2. Poor mixing and Poor flow,
3. Punch variation
50. Hardness variation
Hardness variation is a problem that has
the same causes as weight variation,
hardness depends on weight of the
material and space between the punches
at the moment of compression. If volume
of the material or distance between
punches varies, hardness is likewise
inconsistent.
51. Double Impression
This involves only punches that have monogram
or other engraving on them.
Mostly in when two compression stages to
compress a tablet.