This document provides information about qualitative analysis of common anions and cations. It describes a series of chemical tests to identify various ions by observing reactions such as formation of precipitates or gases. For example, chloride ions are identified by the formation of a white precipitate with silver nitrate that dissolves in dilute ammonia. The document also lists the expected observations for ions such as sulfate, sulfite, carbonate, hydrogen carbonate and nitrate. Finally, it presents the analysis of an unknown salt and identifies it as chromium (III) carbonate based on the observed green precipitate and reactions.

1.  PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
 TEACHER :P.H.D JAMILE
 BY ALBUISSA MUHAMMED
 887B 3RD
COURSE

8. •Add about 2ml of aqueous chloride to a test tube
•Add an equal volume of dilute HNO3
•Add a few drops of silver (I) nitrate to the tube
•Pour half of the contents of the tube into a clean test
tube
•To the 1st
tube add dilute ammonia until no further
change
•To the second tube add CONC AMMONIA until there
is no further change – Do this in a fume cupborad
•Repeat with aqueous solutions of bromide and iodide

9. Halide Ion
HNO3 then
AgNO3
Action of dilute NH3 on
product
Action of conc NH3 on
product
Cl-1
White ppt White ppt dissolves White ppt
dissolves
Br-1
Cream ppt Insoluble Cream ppt
dissolves
I-1
Yellow ppt Insoluble insoluble

10.  Sodium chloride + Silver nitrate
 NaCl + AgNO3
 Repeat for Sodium Bromide and Silver iodide as
above

11. Place 2ml of aqueous sulphate in a
test tube.
Add a few drops of barium
chloride
Add 1ml of HCl Dilute and shake
the mixture vigorously
Leave the tube to stand
Repeat the experiment with a sample
of aqueous sulphite – do in fume cup
board, Test the gas evolved with
acidified dichromate paper

12. Anions Action of BaCl2 followed by HCl
SO4
2-
White ppt of BaSO4 that does not
redissolve in acid
SO3
2-
Gas evolved with pungent odour – SO2..
It turns acid dichromate paper from
orange to green ( test for SO2)

13. Add 1 ml of sodium carbonate to a
test tube – add a few drops of HCl
Repeat the experiment with aqueous
potassium hydrogen carbonate
Record the results in the table
Add a few drops of Barium chloride

14. Anion Reaction with HCl followed by Barium
chloride
CO3
2-
Gas evolved – CO2
White ppt formed
HCO3
-1
Gas evolved – CO2
No ppt formed

15. Place together in a test tube a
small amount of sodium nitrate (V)
and a piece of Al foil.
Add about 5ml of aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution
If no reaction takes place – carefully
warn the tube in a water bath
Test the gas evolved using damp red
litmus paper

16. Ion Observation
NO3
-1
Pungent gas evolved.
Turns red litmus blue – Alkaline gas –
Ammonia.
Formed by the reduction of the nitrate ion.

17. Name of ion Formula Test Result
Chloride Cl-1
Acidified silver nitrate
Solubility with ammonia
White ppt of AgCl
soluble in dil NH3
Bromide Br-1
Acidified silver nitrate
Solubility with ammonia
Cream ppt of AgBr
soluble in conc NH3
Iodide I-1
Acidified silver nitrate
Solubility with ammonia
Yellow ppt of AgI
insoluble in excess
NH3
Sulphate (IV) SO4
2-
Solution of barium chloride or
nitrate.If ppt forms add dil HCl
White ppt of BaSO4
insoluble in acid
Sulphite (VII) SO3
-1
As above Gas evolved
SO2.Test with
dichromate paper
turning from orange
to green,

18. Name of ion Formula Test Result
Carbonate CO3
2-
Dilute HCl followed by BaCl2 White ppt of
BaCO3 formed
and gas evolved
Hydrogen
carbonate
HCO3
-1
Dilute HCl followed by BaCl2 Gas evolved
No ppt.
Nitrate NO3
-1
Add Al and dil NaOH Gas evolved –
turns red litmus
blue – alkaline
gas – NH3 from
the reduction of
NO2

20.  An unknown salt is dissolved in distilled
water to make an aqueous solution.
Sodium hydroxide is added to the solution
and a green precipitate is formed that
dissolves in sodium hydroxide to form a
dark green solution.
 When HCl is added to the solid a gas is
evolved. When barium chloride is added
to the solution a white ppt is formed
 Name the salt
 Write the chemical formula for this
chemical
Chromium (III) Carbonate
Cr2(CO3)3

22. THANKS FOR ATTENTION