A description on polymers in solid state, solid state properties of polymers, mechanical properties of polymers, heat of crystallization & fusion, thermodynamics of fusion & crystallization, pharmaceutical applications of polymers and recent advances in the use of polymers for drug delivery system
Physics of Tablet compression is very useful during study of the tablet. It contains the mechanism of tablet compression. It also contains the process of tablet compression.
Physics of Tablet compression is very useful during study of the tablet. It contains the mechanism of tablet compression. It also contains the process of tablet compression.
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design and In Vitro Drug Produ...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Introduction, biopharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, rate–limiting steps in drug absorption, physicochemical nature of the drug formulation factors affecting drug product performance
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
Excipients are one of the three components that in combination produce the medicine that the patient will take.
In therapeutic terms, the API is of primary importance because without it there is no treatment and no product.
In term of drug manufacturing all three of them are equally important so we cannot neglect anyone of them.
The interactions between excipients and the other two components (the API and the manufacturing process), and/or between two or more excipients, are fundamental to the transformation of an API into a medicinal product.
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
*CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION 3. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 4. ADVANTAGES 5. APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
➢ Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug
delivery. ➢ The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their used as
binders in tablets formulations to viscosity and flow controlling agents
in liquids, suspensions and emulsions.➢ Polymers are macromolecules with high molecular mass composed of
considerable numbers of monomers.➢ The term polymer is derived from the Greek words, poly means many
and meros means unit or parts.➢ Polymerization is the process of combining two or more monomers
under the definite condition of temperature, pressure and in the
presence of suitable catalyst.
This presentation includes the detail information about the physics of tablet compression and compaction, Compression, Effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profiles,solubility.
Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design and In Vitro Drug Produ...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Introduction, biopharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, rate–limiting steps in drug absorption, physicochemical nature of the drug formulation factors affecting drug product performance
Evaluation methods for drug excipients and container interactionSagar Savale
Excipients are one of the three components that in combination produce the medicine that the patient will take.
In therapeutic terms, the API is of primary importance because without it there is no treatment and no product.
In term of drug manufacturing all three of them are equally important so we cannot neglect anyone of them.
The interactions between excipients and the other two components (the API and the manufacturing process), and/or between two or more excipients, are fundamental to the transformation of an API into a medicinal product.
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
*CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION 3. PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS 4. ADVANTAGES 5. APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
➢ Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug
delivery. ➢ The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their used as
binders in tablets formulations to viscosity and flow controlling agents
in liquids, suspensions and emulsions.➢ Polymers are macromolecules with high molecular mass composed of
considerable numbers of monomers.➢ The term polymer is derived from the Greek words, poly means many
and meros means unit or parts.➢ Polymerization is the process of combining two or more monomers
under the definite condition of temperature, pressure and in the
presence of suitable catalyst.
Polymers Used in Pharmaceutical SciencesOyshe Ahmed
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERS
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM POLYMER
BIO DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS
POLYMERS USED IN FORMULATION OF DIFFERENT DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERS
Polymers with their use in pharmaceutics. Approaches in designing of control drug release delivery system. Classification of polymers according to their use in pharmacy field with their use in various use in dosage form development.
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)SanketPawar47
This is slide about formulation and evaluations of transdermal drugs delivery system . Introduction , general structure of TDDS , basic components of TDDS , approch for formulation of TDDS , manufacturing processes for TDDS ,and evaluations of TDDS
A review on Production Planning and Control - Definitions of production, production planning, production control, production management, steps involved in production planning, steps involved in production control
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE, PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS AND RECENT ADVANCES IN THE USE OF POLYMERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
1. POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE
AND
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS
BY
M. PRIYANKA
M. PHARMACY
SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, JNTUK
2. CONTENTS
POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE
• Solid state properties
• Mechanical properties
• Thermodynamics of fusion & crystallization
• Heat of crystallization & fusion
PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS
• Applications of polymers in formulation of controlled drug delivery system
• Other applications
• Recent advances in the use of polymers for drug delivery systems
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3. POLYMERS IN SOLID STATE
• The use of solid polymers depends on their mechanical, permeability, thermal &
optical properties which are governed by their chemical nature & morphological
characteristics.
A. SOLID STATE PROPERTIES:
a) THE AMORPHOUS STATE:
Randomly coiled interpenetrating chains
Not all volume is occupied: free volume concept
Diffusion of small molecules
Segmental & chain mobility strongly dependent on temperature & free volume
Entanglements at sufficiently high molecular weight
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4. b) SEMI-CRYSTALLINE STATE:
Partly ordered & partly folded state
c) CRYSTALLINE STATE:
Stiffness & brittleness
Fracture strength & elongation at break
Solubility
Permeation of gases & water sorption
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5. B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
Solids can be deformed by tension, bending, shear, torsion & compression. The
most widely used tool is tension. The following discussion is limited to tension.
Stress is the applied force F, per unit area of cross section A. stress in tension is
called tensile stress . The mostly used units of stress are lb/𝑖𝑛2
or psi, dyne/cm2. The
effect of stress is deformation or strain. Strain intension is called elongation∈. It is the
increase in length ∆𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿 𝜊 relative to the original length L0
∈=
𝐿 − 𝐿0
𝐿0
= ∆𝐿/𝐿0
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6. • L is the length under a given tensile stress. Ideal or elastic solids are deformed
when subjected to stress. But regain their original shape & dimension when the
stress is released. According to Hooke’s law, the stress is directly proportional to
the strain.
𝐹
𝐴
=
𝐸 𝐿 − 𝐿𝜊
𝐿𝜊
• The proportionally constant E called Young’s modules or modules of elasticity is a
measure of hardness, stiffness or rigidity of a solid.
𝐸 = Δ𝜎/Δ ∈
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7. a) INTER CHAIN COHESIVE FORCES :
The forces responsible for the mechanical strength of packaging films & plastic
containers are the secondary valence forces between adjacent polymer chains.
The most commercial films, fibres, plastics & elastomers are all in the range
of 70-85 K.cal/mole. Cohesive energies b/w 1.0 & 2.0K.cal/mole are the lowest.
The solid polymers of this category are elastomers with the lowest mechanical
strength plastics are stronger. Their cohesive energies range from 2-5 K.cal/mole &
involve dipole-dipole attraction in addition to dispersion forces. The highest inter
chain attraction greater than 5 K.cal/mole produces materials with the highest
strength, suitable for use as films & fibers.
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8. b) CRYSTALLINITY:
• Maximum inter chain attraction resulting in greatest mechanical strength; Thus, to
be mechanically strong, A polymer should highly crystalline. Conversely, a weaker
& soften polymer for use as elastomer can be obtained by preventing
crystallization by random co-polymerization. Short chain branching disrupts the
crystallinity of solid polymers & weakens them mechanically.
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9. c) MORPHOLOGY
• Crystalline domains are called crystallites. They alternate with more disordered
amorphous regions. Single polymer chain often run through several contiguous
crystallites & amorphous regions. Crystallization proceeds as these nuclei grow
into crystallites until all the solvent has evaporated or all the malt has solidified.
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10. d) SPHERULITES:
• Crystallization in synthetic polymers often produces polycrystalline aggregates
called spherulites. These are spherical, radially symmetric arrays of fibrillary
crystallites ranging in diameter from less than 1 to several mm.
• Slow cooling of molten plastics produces fewer but large spherulites. The addition
of nucleating agents produces more & small spherulites.
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11. C. THERMODYNAMICS OF FUSION & CRYSTALLIZATION:
• A binary system solvent-polymer is now applied to the one component system
consisting of the polymer aloe, to describe the reversible process.
Liquid amorphous
polymer
Solid crystalline
polymer
Solidification &
Crystallization
Melting or
Fusion
Gf = Hf - TSf
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12. D. HEAT OF CRYSTALLIZATION & FUSION:
• The latent heat of crystallization or solidification HCR is negative because the
process is exothermic. When the polymer is solid, the chains arrange themselves
into an orderly lattice heat of fusion HF represents the energy that must be
supplied to break large fraction of the secondary valence forces between
neighbouring chains as the polymer melts. High density poly ethylene has a heat
of crystallization of -1850 cal/mole & heat of fusion of +1850 cal/mole. The
corresponding values for low density polyethylene are about one half of these
because of its lower crystallinity.
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13. E. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR POLYMER ANALYSIS:
Electron microscopy
Gel permeation chromatography with multiple detection
NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
Pyrolysis GC
Thermal analysis, TGA & DSC
X-ray diffraction techniques
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14. PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS
• Polymers plays an important role in pharmaceuticals. In the 20th revision of the US
pharmacopoeia, polymers have officially entered into the world of pharmacy. As
the polymers have different kind of applications, they have been using in various
dosage forms as
Binders
Suspending agents
Emulsifying agents
Drug release modifiers
Disintegrating agents
Coating materials
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15. A. APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN FORMULATION
OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
• Oral drug delivery system
• Transdermal drug delivery system
• Ocular drug delivery system
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16. 1. ORAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
Here, the drug gets released at controlled rate when administered orally. For that
several mechanisms are involved.
a) Osmotic pressure controlled GI delivery system
b) Gel diffusion controlled GI delivery system
c) Muco-adhesive GI delivery system
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17. a) OSMOTIC PRESSURE CONTROLLED GI DELIVERY SYSTEM:
It is a controlled release oral drug delivery system in the form of a tablet. The
tablet has a rigid water permeable jacket. As the tablet posses through the body,
the osmotic pressure of water entering the tablet pushes the active drug through
semi-permeable membrane. In this system, semi-permeable membrane plays a key
role. Release of drug depends on it. Semi-permeable membrane is made from
biocompatible polymers.
E.g. Cellulose acetate
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18. b) GEL DIFFUSION CONTROLLED DELIVERY SYSTEM:
The main feature of this system is that the drug core is enclosed with a partially
soluble membrane.
E.g. Carboxy methyl cellulose
c) MUCOADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
It interacts with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, mucin
molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of
absorption. In this, a polymer is required to produce an adhesion interaction with a
biological membrane.
E.g. carbopol
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19. 2. TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
TDDS is defined as self contained, self discrete dosage forms, which when applied
to the intact skin delivers the drug at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation. In
this, polymer matrix plays a major role. It releases the drug from the device to the
skin.
E.g. Natural polymers
Cellulose derivative, gelatin, shellac, waxes, gums
Synthetic polymers
Polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone
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20. 3. OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:
It allows prolonged contact of drug with corneal surface of eye. The example
for ODDS is pilocarpine in the treatment of glaucoma.
In this mucoadhesive polymers are used as barriers to control the drug
release.
E.g. Polyacrylic acid
Copolymers of acetate vinyl & ethyl
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21. B. OTHER APPLICATIONS
1) DRUG DELIVERY OF VARIOUS CONTRACEPTIVES & HORMONES:
E.g. medroxyprogesterone acetate – vaginal contraceptive ring
It consists of a drug reservoir & polymer coating material. Through this layer the
drug releases slowly.
2) DRUG DELIVERY AND HE TREATMENT OF DIABETES
Here the polymer will act as barrier between blood stream & insulin
E.g. polyacrylamide or N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate
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22. 3) APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN SOLID DOSAGE FORMS:
IN TABLETS
Polymers like methyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose, hydroxyl ethyl
methylcellulose are used as binders.
Polymers like carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium is used as disintegrating agent.
Polymers like all the cellulose derivative are used as coating materials.
Polymers like cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose
phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate are used as enteric coating material
IN CAPSULES
Gelatin, a natural polymer which is the major ingredient in the manufacturing of
capsules.
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23. 4) APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
IN SUSPENSIONS
Polymers like Acacia, Tragacanth, Cellulose derivative, Xanthum gum are used as
suspending agents. They should be selected based on their characters like PH,
solubility & concentration. They enhances the dispersion of solids in liquids.
IN EMULSIONS
Polymers like Tragacanth, Spans, Tweens are used as emulsifying agents.
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24. 5) Polymers can be used as film coatings to mask the unpleasant taste of a drug &
to modify drug release characteristics.
6) Polyanhydrides are used in CDDS because of their unique property of surface
erosion.
7) Hyaluronic acid is used in controlled release ophthalmic preparations.
8) Wide variety of polymers like natural gums are using as thickening agents.
E.g. polyethylene glycol, carbomer
9) Some of the polymers are using as protective colloids to stabilize suspensions &
emulsions. E.g. sodium alginate
10)Some polymers can be used as suppository bases E.g. polyethylene glycol
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25. 11)Some polymers are used in uterus therapeutic system E.g. silicone
12)Copolymers of lactide & glycolide, silicone are using in implantation therapeutic
system.
13)Polyurethanes can be used for elasticity
14)Polymethyl methacrylate for physical strength & transparency.
15)Polyvinyl alcohol for hydrophilicity & strength
16)In addition to polymers being used as excipients, some drugs themselves are
polymers including insulin, heparin & its antagonist, protamine sulfate, plasma
expander like dextran, normal human serum albumin, bulk laxatives like methyl
cellulose & sodium carboxy methyl cellulose.
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26. Thus, polymers are essential to the
Dispensing pharmacist
Manufacturing pharmacist
Research pharmacist
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27. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN USE OF POLYMERS FOR
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
• Some researchers have prepared collagen poly-HEMA (polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate)
hydrogels as an implant for delivering anti cancer drugs such as 5-fluoro uracil,
mitomycin & bleomycin for solid fibro sarcoma in rat model.
• The same hydrogels have been used with some modifications for the delivery of model
protein bovine serum albumin& vaccines such as Tetanus & Diphtheria toxoids in mice.
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28. • The recent technique in the use of polymers is polymeric pro-drug
The polymeric prodrug can be regarded as drug delivery system that
exhibit their therapeutic activity by means of releasing smaller therapeutic
drug molecules from a polymer chain molecule for a prolonged period of
time which results in enhanced pharmacokinetic behaviour by increasing the
t1/2, bioavailability & hence prolonged pharmacological action.
E.g. Anti cancer drugs
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