Pharmaceutical analysis involves techniques to identify, quantify, and purify substances as well as separate mixture components. [1] It uses qualitative and quantitative methods like chemical, physicochemical, microbiological, and biological analyses. [2] Common chemical techniques include volumetric (e.g., acid-base titration), gasometric, and gravimetric analysis. [3] Instrumental methods rely on measuring properties like electrical conductance and optical density. Microbiological analysis examines microbial growth inhibition. Biological analysis estimates potency using animal or tissue samples. Pharmaceutical analysis has applications in quality control, research, pollution monitoring, and more.

1. Unit I
Introduction to Pharmaceutical
Analysis I
By
Miss Pooja N. Shinde
Assistant professor
SPM’s College of Pharmacy, Akluj

2. Introduction of pharmaceutical
analysis
• Introduction
– Definition
– Different techniques of analysis
– Applications
– Methods of expressing concentration
– Standardization

3. Definition
• Pharmaceutical analysis
involves
• Identification
• Determination
• Quantification
• Purification of a substance
• Separation of components
of a solution or mixture
• Determination of structure
of chemical compounds

4. Different techniques of analysis
Pharmaceutical analysis
Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis
Presence or absence of component Concentration or quantity
Chemical Physico chemical Microbiological Biological
Volumetric Gravimetric Gasometric
– Analysis Analysis Analysis

5. Chemical analysis
A. Volumetric analysis
Measurement of volume of solution of known strength
that is required to react completely with substance to
be analysed.
Types of volumetric analysis
1. Neutralisation or Acid base titration- a)Acidimetry
b) alkalimetry
2. Complexometric titration
3. Radox titraton
4. Precipitation titration

6. 1.Neutralisation Titration
Titration of acid with base or titration of base with acid.
a) Acidimetry – Measurment of quantity of base by titration with
acid.
b) Alkalimetry - Measurment of quantity of acid by titration with
base
2. Complexometric titration - Simple metal ion converted
into complex metal ion by addition of reagent which is called
ligand.
3. Radox titration - Transfer of electron which leads to change
in valency of reacting atom or ion.
4. Precipitation titration – Combination of ions to form
precipitate.

7. B. Gasometric analysis
 Measurement of volume of gases.
 Volume of gas liberated or released in a given chemical
reaction under condition described in a process.
 Volume of a gas measured at normal temperature and pressure.
 Temperature is 0oC
Pressure 760mmof Hg at 0oC
Example – Cyclopropane, Carbon dioxide, Helium
Nitrogen
Measurement of gases is done by using gas burettes or
nitrometer.

8. Nitrometer

9. C. Gravimetric analysis
 Gravimetry is the analysis by weight.
 It is a process of separating and weighing element or
compound of known chemical composition.
 It involves conversion of element or radical to its pure and
stable compound.
 Separation of element is done by precipitation, volatisation or
by electro analytical method.
Precipitation is most commonly used method.
 Gravimetry is time consuming method.
Used mostly for determination of impurity.

10. Physicochemical or instrumental
method
 It is based on relation between content and their physical and
chemical properties.
Change in properties is detected through measurement of
current or conductance, optical density, refractive index etc with
suitable sensitive instrument.

11. • Physical properties
Electric potential
Electric conductance
Electric current
Absorption of radiation
Emission of radiation
Scattering of light
Refraction
Optical rotation
Thermal
Charge to mass ratio
Differential migration
• Method
Potentiometer
Conductometry
Voltametry
Spectrophotometry
Emission spectroscopy
Turbidimetry
Refractometry
Polarimetry
Thermogravimetry
Mass Spectroscopy
Chromatographic methods

12. Microbiological analysis
 Inhibition of microbial growth under the standardized condition
may be utilised to know therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
It is base upon comparison of inhibition of growth of microbes
by known concentration of standard antibiotics
Method used- 1. Cup plate method
 2.Turbidimetric method

15. Biological Analysis
 Potency of a substance is estimated using animal tissues or
intact animals.
 The principle is to compare how much of a sample being
tested to produce the same biological effect as a quantity of
standard preparation.

16. Applications
• In pharma industry
– Quality control
– Quality assurance
– Analytical Research and development etc.,
• In geographical surveys
– To analyse soil samples
• In pollution control
– To analyse air samples, water, soil etc.,