Ist Sem Syllabus

1. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (Theory)
Ist Sem
Introduction
Nagpur College of Pharmacy

2. Introduction to Pharmaceutical analysis
• It is a process or sequence of process to identify and quantify a drug or substance
or component of solution or determination of structure of chemical compound
It involves
 Identification
 Determination
 Quantification
 Purification
 Separation of components of mixture or solution
 Structure of chemical compounds

3. Types on basis of analyte size
• Macro analysis – 0.1 g
• Meso (Semimicro) analysis - 0.01- 0.1 g
• Micro analysis – 0.001- 0.01g
• Submicro analysis - 0.0001-0.001g
• Ultramicro analysis - 0.0001 g

4. Gives information about atomic and molecular species or functional group in sample
Parameters: Specific gravity, melting point, boiling point, relative absorbance,
optical rotation, viscosity, particle size etc.
Gives relative amount of one or more analyte in numerical. Methods involve
Chemical and Instrumental reactions
Electrical measurements
Spectroscopy methods
Absorption and Emission
Chromatography
Bio assays and microbiological assays
Qualitative
analysis
Quantitative
analysis

5. Scope
• Examination of raw, in process or finished product
• Separation, determination and quantification of impurity
• Determine strength and concentration of chemical compound
• Identification and characterization of chemical compound
• Molecular weight of chemical compound
• Structural elucidation of synthetic compound
• Quantitative analysis of soil, air and water to determine pollution
• In farming determines nature of soil, level of fertilization
• Determines composition of rock and soil

6. Different techniques of Analysis
• Chemical methods
• Physico- chemical methods
• Microbiological methods
• Biological methods

7. 1. Chemical methods
Volumetric
analysis
Gravimetric
analysis
Gasometrical
analysis
Neutralization
titrations
Non- aqueous
titrations
Precipitation
titrations
Redox
titrations
Complexometric
titrations

8. Physicochemical methods
• Electric potential- Potentiometer
• Electrical conductance- Conductometry
• Electric current- Voltametry
• Absorption of radiation- Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy
• Emission spectroscopy- Flame photometry, Emission spectroscopy, Fluorimetry
• Scattering of radiation- Nephelometry, Turbidimetric
• Refraction of radiation- Refractometry
• Rotation of Plane- Polarimetry
• Polarized light- Optical rotatory dispersion
• Thermal properties- Thermal methods
• Mass to charge ratio- Mass spectrometry

9. Microbiological method
• Microbial methods are used to determine potency of antibiotic and antimicrobial agents.
• In this method the inhibition capacity of bacterial growth of the sample is compared with
that of the standard antibiotic
• Method includes cup plate methods and turbidimetric methods
Cup plate method- This method depends on the
diffusion of an antibiotic from a vertical cavity or
cylinder through the solidified agar layer in petri
dish. The growth of microorganism is inhibited
entirely in a circular area or zone around the
cavity or cylinder containing a solution of
antibiotic.

10. Biological methods
• Potency of a substance is estimated using micro organisms, animal tissues or intact
animals
• Biological methods are used when the potency of drugs or its derivatives cannot be
measured by any chemical or physical method
Advantages
• Less time consuming, cost efficient, sensitive, accurate, precise, reproducible
• Qualitative- chromatography, electrophoresis and identification by measuring physical
property
• Quantitative- used for measuring properties and determining its relation with concentration

11. THANK YOU