Petroleum is a black or green liquid that forms from the remains of ancient plants and animals. It is extracted from underground reservoirs and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The largest reserves are found in the Middle East. The United States consumes the most petroleum per day, using it mainly for transportation and power generation. New biofuels made from plants are being developed as more environmentally friendly alternatives.

2. Petrolem Indsutry

3. Submitted By Sohaib Hasnain
Submitted To DR. Ibrahim
Roll No 7536
APPLIED CHEMISTRY

4.  Contents
Introduction
History
Petroleum Formation
Petroleum Reservior
Petroleum Composition
Cracking of Petroleum
Reforming
Blending
Petroleum fraction
Consumption
Application of Petroleum Industry
Green Petroleum
Refereneces

5. DEFINITION
“Petroleum is defined as
blaskish colouerd or greenish
coloured liquid.
It is also called Rocks oil
because it is extracted from
rocks

6. History
 3000BC- Sumerian use asphalt as a Adhesive
 2400BC- Iranian use oil in weapon against their enemies
 325BC- Alexander used flaming tourch of petroleum
products
 347AD- Chinese discovered Oil
 8th AD- Baku people used it for heating
 6th AD- Sudia Arabia discovered oil resorvior
 1847 - 1st Rock Oil Refinary launched in England
 1849 - Canada distill kerosene oil from crude oil
 1850 - World 1st Refinary in Romania
 1870 - J.D Rock formed the standard Oil

7.  1879 – Thomos Edison invents the oil light bulbs
 1882 - Standard Oil trust formed
 1893 - First Well drilled in Los Angel
 1907 - Shell and Royal are Launched
 1908 - Oil discovered in Persia
 1942 - Oil discovered in Japan
 1956 - Oil discovered in Nigeria
 1969 - Oil found in Libya
 1970 - Oil discovered in North Sea
 1979 - Shah of Iran discovered Oil Reservior
 1990 - Oil found in Kuwait
 1993 - Oil reservoir discovered in Pakistan
 1997 - Oil found in Dubai
 1997- 2016 Almost all the Arabs Countries found Oil

8. Petroleum Formation
 It is has been said that petroleum is formed by slow
chemical and biochemical decomposition of Organic
matter
 It is remain of tiny plants and animals that lived in the
sea,when they died their bodies changes into oil by high
pressure
 It is also called Fossil Fuel because it is formed from
remain of dead animals

9. Petroleum Resorvior
 It is found beneath the earth crust b/w the sedi-mentry
rocks
 Petroleum in liquid and gas form itself pressurized
enough to lift itself against the force of gravity
 Most of the Oil resorvior found in Middle East and Arabs
Countries
 It is present in many part of all over the World

10. Conventional Oil Fields
It is easily extracted because of having
pressure.It is easily come out from the earth
cruts.It has less impurity.It is normally a thin
liquid.
Non Conventional Oil Fields
It is not easily extracted because it is present
in lower layer of earth crust.It is thicker than
conventional.It has too much impurties

11. Petroleum Composition
 Petroleum contain several chemical
compounds.The most common is the
presence of hydrocarbon
 Composition of petroleum indicates its
quality and usage
 Although petroleum contains too much
traces of elements but the most common
is Hydrogen(10-14%), Nitrogen(0.1-2%)
and suphur(0.5-6%)

12. Actually the properties of the petroleum
depends upon the percentage of four main
hydrocarbon:
Paraffins (15-60%)
Naptha (30-60%)
Aromatics (3-30%)
Asphalt (1-10%)

13. Chemical Processing on Petroleum
 Generally petroleum produced from the
earth is not pure form,so we change it to
pure form by many chemical method.
 There are many chemical process for the
production of petroleum fraction from
crude oil.
 The process applied on the petroleum are
Cracking and Fractional distilation

14. Fractional Distillation
 The process of separating a mixture into a
series of fractions of different volatilities
by the mean to distillation.
 In the process of fractional distillation a
mixture is evaporated followed by
condensation.
 Different Liquids are evaporated
according to their boiling point

15. Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil
 Generally, crude oil contain compounds having B.P upto
400C.
 In this process, Crude oil is heated to above 400C in a
pipe.
 Its vapours are allowed to enter into a tower having
different compartment to collect the different
volatilities.
 These are now condensend toa liquids and separated
 More than 500 compounds are produced in this process
according to our demand.

17. Fractions Of Petroleum And Uses
Fraction Uses
Petroleum Gas Making chemical ,plastics and fuel for light vehicles
Used in manufacturing of petrol polymerization
Naptha Used to make chemical and fuel for aeroplane
Kerosene Fuel in jet engine,Lamp usage,Making deterergents
Diesel Fuel for Diesel Engine
Lubrication Oil Lubricants for the Mechinary
Fuel Oil Used for power station, ships and used to run generators
Asphalt Used in road construction and water proof products

18. Cracking Of Petroleum
 The fractional distillation of petroleum yields only about 20% . Due
to it’s high demand this supply is augmented by converting the less
desireable fraction into gesoline by a process craking.
 It is defined as breaking of high hydrocarbon having high boiling
point into a variety of lower hydrocarbon which are more volatile.


19. Steam Cracking
 In this process the high H.C in vapour phase are mixed in the steam
heated for the short duration to about 900C and cool rapidly.
 This process is suitable for obtaining lower unsaturated H.C.
 Steam craking is used to increase the yields of oilfins.
Thermal Cracking
 The breaking down of large molecule at high temperature and pressure.
 It is particular use for production of unsaturated H.C such as ethane and
propene.
 Temperature range is (450-750 C) and pressure is 70atm .
 In this process free radicals process take place.

21. Catalytic Cracking
 Higher hydrocarbon can be cracked at
lower temprature(500C) and lower
pressure(2atm) in the presence of suitable
catalyst.
 A typical catalyst for this purpose is a
mixture of silica and alumina.
 This cracking is used for the production of
batter quality of gasoline

22. Reforming
 It is a process which is used to increase the quality of gasoline by
converting the straight chain H.C into branch chain.
 By this process octane number of fuel increase and engine become better.
 The quality of fuel is indicated by it’s octane number.


23. Top 10 Countries Producing Oil
world Oil Production 91 Million Barrel Per Day

24. Consumption Of Petroleum
 For 2016, the IEA Oil market reported
forecast worldwide average demand of oil
nearly 96 million barrel per day.
 The ten biggest oil consuming countries
consume more than 58% of the world total
oil consumption per day
 United state is the world biggest Oil
consumer

26. Green Petroleum
 It was launched in German two years ago.
 A petrol is called E10 and IS 10% Ethanol.
 It is enviormentelly friendly.
 It is prepared from corn.
 It is available in all over petrol pumps
 High %age of ethanol ruin the engine of car and
motor bikes as it could melt some components
 It is also called biofuel made up by distilling
plant and animal material and said to be less
polluting and enviormentelly friendlier

27. E85(Ethanol Fuel)
 It is the abbreviation that is used for a fuel blend
made up of 85% denatured ethanol fuel and
remaining 15% is made up of gasoline and any
other hydrocarbons.
 Ethanol is produced by using starch and sugar
producing crops like corn and sugar cane
 These crops are put through a fermentation
process that produce ethanol
 E85 is now being produced using biowaste

28. Bio Fuel
 Bio diesel is produced from oil producing plants
unlike ethanol that is made from starch and sugar
producing crops.
 Crops that can produce oil that like sunflower,
palm or any other vegetable can be used to make
biodiesel and is something that is being increasing
used in US and Europe
 There are different types of bio diesel like B20,
B5,B100 and some other contents

29.  References
 WWW.SLIDESHARE .COM
 International Energy Agency
 An Introduction to Petroleum Industry(Book)
 An Overview of petroleumIndustry(6th Edition)
 Petroleum The Industry of Future (Book)
 Biodiesel, Green Diesel Fuel
 WWW.chemwili.COM
 WWW.CHEMPUB.COM
 WWW.ASK.COM
 WWW.CHEMISTRYWORLD.COM