Reforming of Petroleum
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This document discusses various methods for cracking heavy oils and residues into lighter products. It describes hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, coking, and thermal cracking processes. It focuses on fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), explaining that FCC is the most common cracking process used in refineries. It converts heavy hydrocarbon fractions into more valuable gasoline, olefin gases, and other products. The FCC process involves cracking feedstock in the presence of a fluidized catalyst in a riser reactor, separating the cracked products, and regenerating the spent catalyst.
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The document discusses petroleum refining, cracking, and methods of producing synthetic petrol. It describes how crude oil is refined through separation, conversion, and treatment processes like distillation. Cracking breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules through thermal or catalytic cracking. Synthetic petrol can be produced via polymerization, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from syngas, or Bergius process where coal is hydrogenated over a catalyst into liquid fuels.
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This document discusses crude oil processing and the production of hydrocarbon intermediates. It describes how crude oil is distilled through atmospheric and vacuum distillation to produce simple fractions like naphtha, gas oil, and catalytic cracker gases. These refinery products undergo further processing through thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and steam reforming to produce olefins, diolefins, and aromatics. Key processes mentioned include thermal cracking (steam cracking) to produce ethylene and catalytic reforming to produce BTX aromatics. Delayed coking is also summarized as a thermal cracking process used to upgrade heavy residues into lighter fractions.
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Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
Chapter 5a -_cracking
This document provides information on fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), including:
1) FCC is a process that uses heat and a catalyst to break down large hydrocarbon molecules in vacuum gas oil into smaller molecules like gasoline and light olefins.
2) The catalyst, usually a zeolite, facilitates cracking reactions at lower temperatures and pressures than thermal cracking. During FCC, the catalyst is regenerated by burning off coke deposits.
3) FCC units typically produce gasoline, light olefins like ethylene and propylene, and LPG as products from cracking heavier hydrocarbon feeds.
fractional distillation and refining of petroleum
Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other compounds that varies in composition depending on its source. It is a thick, brown liquid found below the earth's surface. Refining petroleum involves separating it into fractions of different boiling points and removing impurities through fractional distillation. In fractional distillation, the mixture is heated and different compounds condense out of the vapor at different levels in the distillation tower based on their boiling points. Over 500 compounds can be obtained through petroleum distillation.
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This document discusses catalytic reforming and hydrocracking processes. It provides details on:
- Catalytic reforming converts low octane naphtha into high octane reformates through reactions like dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization.
- Hydrocracking breaks down heavier hydrocarbon molecules into simpler molecules like gasoline and kerosene using hydrogen and catalysts at high pressures.
- Both processes upgrade petroleum fractions through chemical reactions like cracking, isomerization and hydrogenation to produce more valuable products like gasoline and jet fuel.
Refinery processes by Muhammad Fahad Ansari
Crude oil is refined through processes like distillation, cracking, coking, and dewaxing to separate it into useful fractions like natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oils. Distillation heats crude oil to over 400°C to vaporize and separate compounds by boiling point into these fractions. Cracking breaks heavier molecules into lighter ones for gasoline. Coking and dewaxing remove heavy impurities. Refineries also treat emissions and wastewater before discharge to reduce environmental pollution from operations.
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This document discusses various methods for cracking heavy oils and residues into lighter products. It describes hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, coking, and thermal cracking processes. It focuses on fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), explaining that FCC is the most common cracking process used in refineries. It converts heavy hydrocarbon fractions into more valuable gasoline, olefin gases, and other products. The FCC process involves cracking feedstock in the presence of a fluidized catalyst in a riser reactor, separating the cracked products, and regenerating the spent catalyst.
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The document discusses petroleum refining, cracking, and methods of producing synthetic petrol. It describes how crude oil is refined through separation, conversion, and treatment processes like distillation. Cracking breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules through thermal or catalytic cracking. Synthetic petrol can be produced via polymerization, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis from syngas, or Bergius process where coal is hydrogenated over a catalyst into liquid fuels.
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This document discusses crude oil processing and the production of hydrocarbon intermediates. It describes how crude oil is distilled through atmospheric and vacuum distillation to produce simple fractions like naphtha, gas oil, and catalytic cracker gases. These refinery products undergo further processing through thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, and steam reforming to produce olefins, diolefins, and aromatics. Key processes mentioned include thermal cracking (steam cracking) to produce ethylene and catalytic reforming to produce BTX aromatics. Delayed coking is also summarized as a thermal cracking process used to upgrade heavy residues into lighter fractions.
Catalytic reforming process
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
Chapter 5a -_cracking
This document provides information on fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), including:
1) FCC is a process that uses heat and a catalyst to break down large hydrocarbon molecules in vacuum gas oil into smaller molecules like gasoline and light olefins.
2) The catalyst, usually a zeolite, facilitates cracking reactions at lower temperatures and pressures than thermal cracking. During FCC, the catalyst is regenerated by burning off coke deposits.
3) FCC units typically produce gasoline, light olefins like ethylene and propylene, and LPG as products from cracking heavier hydrocarbon feeds.
fractional distillation and refining of petroleum
Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other compounds that varies in composition depending on its source. It is a thick, brown liquid found below the earth's surface. Refining petroleum involves separating it into fractions of different boiling points and removing impurities through fractional distillation. In fractional distillation, the mixture is heated and different compounds condense out of the vapor at different levels in the distillation tower based on their boiling points. Over 500 compounds can be obtained through petroleum distillation.
CATALYTIC REFORMING
This document discusses catalytic reforming and hydrocracking processes. It provides details on:
- Catalytic reforming converts low octane naphtha into high octane reformates through reactions like dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization.
- Hydrocracking breaks down heavier hydrocarbon molecules into simpler molecules like gasoline and kerosene using hydrogen and catalysts at high pressures.
- Both processes upgrade petroleum fractions through chemical reactions like cracking, isomerization and hydrogenation to produce more valuable products like gasoline and jet fuel.
Refinery processes by Muhammad Fahad Ansari
Crude oil is refined through processes like distillation, cracking, coking, and dewaxing to separate it into useful fractions like natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oils. Distillation heats crude oil to over 400°C to vaporize and separate compounds by boiling point into these fractions. Cracking breaks heavier molecules into lighter ones for gasoline. Coking and dewaxing remove heavy impurities. Refineries also treat emissions and wastewater before discharge to reduce environmental pollution from operations.
Petroleum Refining
Petroleum refining involves fractionating crude oil into major fractions through chemical, thermal, and physical separation processes. These fractions are further processed and converted into over 2,500 finished petroleum products. Refineries separate crude oil into smaller fractions to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel, as well as non-fuel products and raw materials for the chemical industry. Major refining stages include distillation, conversion/upgrading, and desulphurization.
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Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick, flammable liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is the precursor to many useful products. It is obtained through oil drilling and refined into fuels like gasoline and diesel. The top petroleum producing countries are located in the Middle East and Russia. Petroleum is essential for transportation fuels and many other industries that produce plastics, fabrics, and medicines. While it provides an energy-dense fuel source, dependence on petroleum also contributes to environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and oil spills.
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Thermal conversion processes include thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, and coke calcination. Thermal cracking involves cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at high temperatures. Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process used to reduce the viscosity of residues and produce fuel oil, naphtha, and gas oil. Coking involves heating residues to very high temperatures to produce coke and lighter hydrocarbon products.
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This a laboratory report of an experiment conducted at the American University of Nigeria as a requirement of completing the Petroleum Science course.
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The document discusses an overview of the petroleum refining process. It begins with an introduction and overview, then covers topics like crude oils, products, crude oil distillation, hydrotreatment, gas processing, and other refining units. It provides information on the key steps in refining crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. These include atmospheric and vacuum distillation to separate components by boiling point, along with additional processing units like hydrotreaters, catalytic crackers, reformers and alkylation units for upgrading. The goal of refineries is to maximize production of transportation fuels while meeting product quality specifications.
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This document discusses petrochemicals and their production and uses. It begins by explaining that petrochemicals are derived mainly from petroleum and other fossil fuels or renewable sources. It then describes the three primary petrochemical groups - olefins, aromatics, and synthetic gas - and lists some key petrochemicals like ethylene, propylene, benzene, and xylenes. The document provides details on the production and downstream derivatives of important petrochemicals and how they are used to make various plastics, polymers, solvents, and other industrial chemicals.
Aniline point determination by-diar ismail
This document describes an experiment to determine the aniline point of kerosene and diesel samples according to ASTM D611. The aniline point is the minimum temperature at which a hydrocarbon is fully miscible with an equal volume of aniline. In the experiment, 5ml of aniline and sample are mixed in a test tube and heated until a single phase is observed, indicating the aniline point. The kerosene sample had an aniline point of 74°C and diesel was 71°C. These values were used to calculate the diesel index and cetane number of each sample. A higher aniline point corresponds to more paraffinic components and a higher cetane number, indicating better ignition quality for diesel engines.
Cracking process
The document discusses various thermal cracking and catalytic cracking processes used in the oil refining industry to break down heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter products such as gasoline. It describes processes such as steam cracking, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, thermal cracking, visbreaking, and coking. It provides details on the operating conditions, reactions, equipment used, and products of each process. The goal of these cracking processes is to produce more valuable and widely used products from heavy oil fractions.
Octane number
This document discusses octane number, which measures a fuel's resistance to engine knocking. It defines octane number and describes how it is measured using the research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) methods. Higher octane fuels allow for higher compression before detonating. The document also outlines factors that decrease octane number and methods for improving it, such as reforming and adding additives. It concludes by discussing latest testing engines and portable octane meters, as well as octane boosters and high-octane fuels like Shell V-Power.
Gaseous fuels
Gaseous fuels can be obtained naturally from sources like natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, or manufactured through processes like gasification. Natural gas and LPG have high calorific values and are important natural gaseous fuels. Biogas and producer gas are examples of manufactured gaseous fuels, with biogas produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion and producer gas generated by passing air and steam over burning coal or coke. Gaseous fuels have lower energy content than liquid fuels but produce fewer greenhouse gases and provide air quality benefits. Common gaseous fuels include natural gas, LPG, CNG, biogas, and producer gas.
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Chapter 4 b4
Primary processing in petroleum refineries involves distilling crude oil into basic fractions like gasoline, naphtha, and gas oil. Secondary processing further converts and improves these fractions. It includes physical processes like distillation and chemical processes like catalytic and thermal cracking to break large molecules into smaller, more valuable ones. Thermal cracking processes like visbreaking use heat to reduce the viscosity of heavy residues while delayed coking severely cracks residues into lighter products and a carbon residue of coke. The goal of secondary processing is to upgrade the crude oil fractions and maximize refinery profits.
Fluidized cataltic cracking.
The document describes the process of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) used in petroleum refineries. It explains that FCC converts high-boiling petroleum fractions into high-value gasoline and heating oil using a zeolite catalyst. The key components of an FCC unit are the reactor, where the reaction occurs, and the regenerator, where the catalyst is regenerated by burning off coke deposits. It then provides details on the operation of each component and the flow of catalyst and feedstock through the system. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of FCC and presents a case study analyzing catalyst selection for a refinery in Jiddah.
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The document describes an experiment conducted by a group of chemical engineering students to determine the octane number of gasoline samples and the cetane number of diesel fuel samples. It includes the aim of the experiment, theoretical background on octane and cetane numbers, methodology, procedures, calculations, and a discussion section with answers to questions about fuel compositions and effects of adding compounds.
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This document discusses petroleum refining and its products. It defines petroleum refining as the chemical, thermal, and physical separation of crude oil into major fractions through separation and conversion. The refining process separates crude oil into smaller fractions to produce over 2,500 separate products. Some of the main products discussed include liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, furnace oil, and lubricants. It provides details on the composition of crude oil and the refining process.
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This document provides a brief overview of oil refinery processes, including historical events and descriptions of key unit operations like crude distillation, vacuum distillation, fluid/delayed coking, fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, and hydrotreating. Process schematics and typical yields are shown for each unit operation.
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
The document discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which produces liquid fuels and chemicals from synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. The process was invented in the 1920s by German inventors Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. In the process, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the syngas react to form hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, with water as a byproduct. The liquid fuels produced can be used for vehicles, power generation, cooking, and as raw materials for various industries.
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Petroleum refining involves fractionating crude oil into major fractions through chemical, thermal, and physical separation processes. These fractions are further processed and converted into over 2,500 finished petroleum products. Refineries separate crude oil into smaller fractions to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel, as well as non-fuel products and raw materials for the chemical industry. Major refining stages include distillation, conversion/upgrading, and desulphurization.
Introduction to petroleum industry
Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick, flammable liquid found beneath the earth's surface that is the precursor to many useful products. It is obtained through oil drilling and refined into fuels like gasoline and diesel. The top petroleum producing countries are located in the Middle East and Russia. Petroleum is essential for transportation fuels and many other industries that produce plastics, fabrics, and medicines. While it provides an energy-dense fuel source, dependence on petroleum also contributes to environmental issues like greenhouse gas emissions and oil spills.
Thermal cracking (2)
Thermal conversion processes include thermal cracking, visbreaking, coking, and coke calcination. Thermal cracking involves cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at high temperatures. Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process used to reduce the viscosity of residues and produce fuel oil, naphtha, and gas oil. Coking involves heating residues to very high temperatures to produce coke and lighter hydrocarbon products.
Fischer Trosph Process
The document discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and the development of the chemical industry in Bangladesh. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis involves converting syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) into liquid fuels like diesel and gasoline. Syngas can be produced from natural gas, coal, biomass or other feedstocks through processes like steam reforming. The Fischer-Tropsch process uses a catalyst to convert syngas into liquid hydrocarbons. The development of Bangladesh's chemical industry began in the 1940s with sugar mills and a cement plant. It was later developed during the Pakistani period and after Bangladesh gained independence in 1971.
Dewaxing
This a laboratory report of an experiment conducted at the American University of Nigeria as a requirement of completing the Petroleum Science course.
Aniline point for petroleum productes
The aniline point test determines the lowest temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and an oil sample fully mix. A lower aniline point indicates a higher aromatic content in the oil sample. The test is suitable for transparent liquid samples with an initial boiling point above room temperature. The aniline point can be used to estimate properties like cetane number, diesel index, and aromatic content, which provide information about the oil sample's combustion quality and suitability for diesel fuel. Extracting the oil sample with furfuraldehyde can lower its aromatic content and thus increase the aniline point.
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The document discusses an overview of the petroleum refining process. It begins with an introduction and overview, then covers topics like crude oils, products, crude oil distillation, hydrotreatment, gas processing, and other refining units. It provides information on the key steps in refining crude oil into useful products like gasoline, diesel and jet fuels. These include atmospheric and vacuum distillation to separate components by boiling point, along with additional processing units like hydrotreaters, catalytic crackers, reformers and alkylation units for upgrading. The goal of refineries is to maximize production of transportation fuels while meeting product quality specifications.
Petrochemicals
This document discusses petrochemicals and their production and uses. It begins by explaining that petrochemicals are derived mainly from petroleum and other fossil fuels or renewable sources. It then describes the three primary petrochemical groups - olefins, aromatics, and synthetic gas - and lists some key petrochemicals like ethylene, propylene, benzene, and xylenes. The document provides details on the production and downstream derivatives of important petrochemicals and how they are used to make various plastics, polymers, solvents, and other industrial chemicals.
Aniline point determination by-diar ismail
This document describes an experiment to determine the aniline point of kerosene and diesel samples according to ASTM D611. The aniline point is the minimum temperature at which a hydrocarbon is fully miscible with an equal volume of aniline. In the experiment, 5ml of aniline and sample are mixed in a test tube and heated until a single phase is observed, indicating the aniline point. The kerosene sample had an aniline point of 74°C and diesel was 71°C. These values were used to calculate the diesel index and cetane number of each sample. A higher aniline point corresponds to more paraffinic components and a higher cetane number, indicating better ignition quality for diesel engines.
Cracking process
The document discusses various thermal cracking and catalytic cracking processes used in the oil refining industry to break down heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter products such as gasoline. It describes processes such as steam cracking, catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, thermal cracking, visbreaking, and coking. It provides details on the operating conditions, reactions, equipment used, and products of each process. The goal of these cracking processes is to produce more valuable and widely used products from heavy oil fractions.
Octane number
This document discusses octane number, which measures a fuel's resistance to engine knocking. It defines octane number and describes how it is measured using the research octane number (RON) and motor octane number (MON) methods. Higher octane fuels allow for higher compression before detonating. The document also outlines factors that decrease octane number and methods for improving it, such as reforming and adding additives. It concludes by discussing latest testing engines and portable octane meters, as well as octane boosters and high-octane fuels like Shell V-Power.
Gaseous fuels
Gaseous fuels can be obtained naturally from sources like natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, or manufactured through processes like gasification. Natural gas and LPG have high calorific values and are important natural gaseous fuels. Biogas and producer gas are examples of manufactured gaseous fuels, with biogas produced from organic waste through anaerobic digestion and producer gas generated by passing air and steam over burning coal or coke. Gaseous fuels have lower energy content than liquid fuels but produce fewer greenhouse gases and provide air quality benefits. Common gaseous fuels include natural gas, LPG, CNG, biogas, and producer gas.
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This document provides an overview of petrochemicals from the website ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com. It begins with definitions of petrochemicals and describes the petrochemical industry and various petrochemical products. It then covers petrochemical raw materials, groups by carbon number, processes, plants and facilities. The document aims to provide foundational knowledge about petrochemicals, including key terminology, production pathways, common intermediates and final products. It also references additional resources to learn more about specific topics in petrochemical engineering.
Chapter 4 b4
Primary processing in petroleum refineries involves distilling crude oil into basic fractions like gasoline, naphtha, and gas oil. Secondary processing further converts and improves these fractions. It includes physical processes like distillation and chemical processes like catalytic and thermal cracking to break large molecules into smaller, more valuable ones. Thermal cracking processes like visbreaking use heat to reduce the viscosity of heavy residues while delayed coking severely cracks residues into lighter products and a carbon residue of coke. The goal of secondary processing is to upgrade the crude oil fractions and maximize refinery profits.
Fluidized cataltic cracking.
The document describes the process of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) used in petroleum refineries. It explains that FCC converts high-boiling petroleum fractions into high-value gasoline and heating oil using a zeolite catalyst. The key components of an FCC unit are the reactor, where the reaction occurs, and the regenerator, where the catalyst is regenerated by burning off coke deposits. It then provides details on the operation of each component and the flow of catalyst and feedstock through the system. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of FCC and presents a case study analyzing catalyst selection for a refinery in Jiddah.
Petroleum lab experiment 02 - octane number and cetane number
The document describes an experiment conducted by a group of chemical engineering students to determine the octane number of gasoline samples and the cetane number of diesel fuel samples. It includes the aim of the experiment, theoretical background on octane and cetane numbers, methodology, procedures, calculations, and a discussion section with answers to questions about fuel compositions and effects of adding compounds.
petroleum refinery and its product
This document discusses petroleum refining and its products. It defines petroleum refining as the chemical, thermal, and physical separation of crude oil into major fractions through separation and conversion. The refining process separates crude oil into smaller fractions to produce over 2,500 separate products. Some of the main products discussed include liquefied petroleum gas, petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, furnace oil, and lubricants. It provides details on the composition of crude oil and the refining process.
Oil refinery processes
This document provides a brief overview of oil refinery processes, including historical events and descriptions of key unit operations like crude distillation, vacuum distillation, fluid/delayed coking, fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, and hydrotreating. Process schematics and typical yields are shown for each unit operation.
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
The document discusses Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which produces liquid fuels and chemicals from synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be derived from natural gas, coal, or biomass. The process was invented in the 1920s by German inventors Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. In the process, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the syngas react to form hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, with water as a byproduct. The liquid fuels produced can be used for vehicles, power generation, cooking, and as raw materials for various industries.
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BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Reforming of Petroleum
- 1. Reforming of Petroleum The word Reforms Means To is a Process Which We Used to Better the Quality Of Petrol Or DieselReforming Recreate Straight Chain Branched Chain process Increase the Of Gasoline or petrolReform Octane Number Octane Number is a standard measure of the performance of an or .Engine Fuel WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/THECHEMISTRYCLASSROOM
- 2. The Fuel Which We Get From causes Why We Reform The Petrol and Diesel Refine Process Fuel Knocking High Frequency Vibrations giving rise to ping like sound inside an Engine Fuel Knocking Mechanism of Reform Process N-Octane 2,2,4 Trimethyl Pentane SiO2 WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/THECHEMISTRYCLASSROOM