This document classifies and describes various types of disinfectants. It discusses air disinfectants, chemical disinfectants including organic and inorganic compounds, non-chemical disinfectants like UV light and heat, oxidizing disinfectants such as chlorine and hydrogen peroxide, common home disinfectants including bleach, and other disinfecting agents. The document provides details on the composition and uses of many specific disinfecting chemicals.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Ant...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III. Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Antimicrobial Agent: Concentration of the disinfectant.
Chemical Structure of the disinfectant.
Formulation of the disinfectant.
Interfering substances in the environment.
pH of the surrounding.
Potentiation and antagonism of the disinfectants.
Surface Tension.
Temperature.
Time of Contact.
Type and no. of microbes present.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:
Properties of chemical agents
Environment
Types of microorganisms
Intended application
Toxicity agents
Culture state
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.Sterility indicatorsMs. Pooja Bhandare
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.Sterility indicators
Sterility criteria: Bioburden ,Sensitivity of microorganisms
Death rate or Survivor curve,D- Value or Decimal reduction time,Z- value or Thermal reduction time, f- value, Q10 Value or Temperature Coefficient, Inactivation Factor:
STERILITY INDICATORS : Physical Indicators, Chemical Indicators
Biological Indicators
1. Physical Indicators: i) Moist heat Indicator ii) Dry heat iii) Radio sterilization iv) Gaseous methods v) Filtration 2.CHEMICAL INDICATORS : I) Browne’s tubes II) WITTNESS TUBES IV) Royce Sachet V) Chemical Dosimeter 3.BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Ant...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III. Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Antimicrobial Agent: Concentration of the disinfectant.
Chemical Structure of the disinfectant.
Formulation of the disinfectant.
Interfering substances in the environment.
pH of the surrounding.
Potentiation and antagonism of the disinfectants.
Surface Tension.
Temperature.
Time of Contact.
Type and no. of microbes present.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:
Properties of chemical agents
Environment
Types of microorganisms
Intended application
Toxicity agents
Culture state
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.Sterility indicatorsMs. Pooja Bhandare
Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods.Sterility indicators
Sterility criteria: Bioburden ,Sensitivity of microorganisms
Death rate or Survivor curve,D- Value or Decimal reduction time,Z- value or Thermal reduction time, f- value, Q10 Value or Temperature Coefficient, Inactivation Factor:
STERILITY INDICATORS : Physical Indicators, Chemical Indicators
Biological Indicators
1. Physical Indicators: i) Moist heat Indicator ii) Dry heat iii) Radio sterilization iv) Gaseous methods v) Filtration 2.CHEMICAL INDICATORS : I) Browne’s tubes II) WITTNESS TUBES IV) Royce Sachet V) Chemical Dosimeter 3.BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Designing of aseptic area including design, construction, service, flow chart,source of contamination, method of prevention of it,clean area classification as per USPDA.
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
VIRUS PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-2Study of morphology, ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-2Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of Virus. Introduction, Def General characteristics of Viruses: small size characteristic shapes, obligate intracellular parasites no built-in metabolic machinery no ribosomes
only one type of nucleic acid
do not grow in size. Morphology of Virus: Helical, Polyhedral (Icosahedral) Viral Envelop, Complex virus, Classification of virus. Viral Replication LIFE CYCLE OF BACTIRIOPHAGES Lytic cycle: Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release of progeny Phage Particles. The Lysogenic Cycle, Cultivation of virus : Animal inoculation, Embryonated eggs or chick embryo method and Tissue culture or cell culture: Organ cultures Explant culture and Cell culture. Types of cell culture
1.Primary cell culture: 2. Diploid cell culture (Semi-continuous cell lines):3. Heteroploid cultures (Continuous cell lines):
MULTIPLICATION OF HUMAN VIRUS:1. Attachment of Viral Particles 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Replication Of Viral Nucleic Acids And Translation Of The Genome 5) Maturation Or Assembly Of Virions. ) 6. Release Of Virions Into The Surrounding Environment
Disinfectant - Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)Kiran Shinde
Prof.Mr.Kiran K. Shinde (M.Pharm), Assistant professor (VNIPRC)
Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)
Introduction
Classification & mode of action of disinfectant
Factors affecting disinfectant, antiseptics & their evaluation
Evaluation of bacteriostatic & bactericidal
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipment: Study of different source ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipment: Study of different source of contamination in aseptic area and methods of prevention, clean area classification. PHARMACEUTICALMICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IVPart-1
Introduction: Designing of Aseptic Area . i) The clean-up area,
ii) The compounding area,
iii) The aseptic area,
iv) The quarantine area and
v) The packaging/labelling area.
Flow diagram of aseptic area. Floors, walls and ceilings, Doors, windows and services Personnel and protective clothing Cleaning and disinfection. Air Supply. Laminar flow equipment. Vertical laminar air flow bench
Horizontal laminar air flow bench
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filter. Operating Instructions Uses of Laminar Air Flow.Advantages of Laminar Air Flow.Limitations of Laminar Air Flow. Air flow pattern Unidirectional airflow
Non-unidirectional airflow
Combined airflow
Different Sources of Contamination in an Aseptic Area
1) Personnel:
2) Buildings and Facilities
3) Equipment and Utensils:
4) Raw Materials
5) Manufacturing Process:
Methods of Prevention of Contamination Clean Area Classification
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-1 Study of morphology, cla...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-1Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of fungi, Introduction fungi. Morphological Characteristics of fungi, CLASSIFICATION: Depending on cell morphology, fungi can be divided into 4 classes:
Moulds Yeasts ,Yeast like fungi and
Dimorphic fungi
Depending on their sexual spores formation fungi are divided into 4 classes:
Zygomycetes Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes Dueteromycetes
Reproduction and sporulation;Vegetative, Asexual
and Sexual
Vegetative reproduction: Fragmentation ,Fission, budding, Sclerotia Rhizomorphs
Asexual reproduction: Zoospores
Sporangiospore, Conidia
Oidia Uredospores ,Basidiospores
Sexual reproduction:Planogametic copulation: Isogamy Heterogamy
Gametangial contact
Gametangial copulation Spermatization Somatogamy CULTIVATION OF FUNGI: Brain Heart Infusion (BHT) agar
Czapek’s agar
Mycobiotic agar Inhibitory mold agar (IMA)
Potato dextrose agar
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA):
Sabouraud’s heart infusion (SABHI) agar
Potato Flake agar
Potato dextrose-yeast extract agar (PDYA)
. Cornmeal agar
Malt extract agar (MEA)
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLO...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-2
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
1. Physical and chemical changes:
2. Assessment of viable microorganisms in non-sterile products:
3. Sterility test:
4. Estimation of pyrogens:
Microbial Limit Tests:
Total Aerobic Microbial Count:
Membrane Filtration.
Plate Count Methods.
Pour Plate Method.
Surface spread Method.
Most Probable Number(MPN)
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
Designing of aseptic area including design, construction, service, flow chart,source of contamination, method of prevention of it,clean area classification as per USPDA.
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & ...someshwar mankar
Disinfection, Definition, classification,Mode of action, factors affecting & Evaluation of disinfectant as per bacteriostatic & Bacteriocidal action
Department of Pharmaceutics,PRCOP,Loni
VIRUS PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-2Study of morphology, ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-2Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of Virus. Introduction, Def General characteristics of Viruses: small size characteristic shapes, obligate intracellular parasites no built-in metabolic machinery no ribosomes
only one type of nucleic acid
do not grow in size. Morphology of Virus: Helical, Polyhedral (Icosahedral) Viral Envelop, Complex virus, Classification of virus. Viral Replication LIFE CYCLE OF BACTIRIOPHAGES Lytic cycle: Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release of progeny Phage Particles. The Lysogenic Cycle, Cultivation of virus : Animal inoculation, Embryonated eggs or chick embryo method and Tissue culture or cell culture: Organ cultures Explant culture and Cell culture. Types of cell culture
1.Primary cell culture: 2. Diploid cell culture (Semi-continuous cell lines):3. Heteroploid cultures (Continuous cell lines):
MULTIPLICATION OF HUMAN VIRUS:1. Attachment of Viral Particles 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Replication Of Viral Nucleic Acids And Translation Of The Genome 5) Maturation Or Assembly Of Virions. ) 6. Release Of Virions Into The Surrounding Environment
Disinfectant - Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)Kiran Shinde
Prof.Mr.Kiran K. Shinde (M.Pharm), Assistant professor (VNIPRC)
Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)
Introduction
Classification & mode of action of disinfectant
Factors affecting disinfectant, antiseptics & their evaluation
Evaluation of bacteriostatic & bactericidal
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipment: Study of different source ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipment: Study of different source of contamination in aseptic area and methods of prevention, clean area classification. PHARMACEUTICALMICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IVPart-1
Introduction: Designing of Aseptic Area . i) The clean-up area,
ii) The compounding area,
iii) The aseptic area,
iv) The quarantine area and
v) The packaging/labelling area.
Flow diagram of aseptic area. Floors, walls and ceilings, Doors, windows and services Personnel and protective clothing Cleaning and disinfection. Air Supply. Laminar flow equipment. Vertical laminar air flow bench
Horizontal laminar air flow bench
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filter. Operating Instructions Uses of Laminar Air Flow.Advantages of Laminar Air Flow.Limitations of Laminar Air Flow. Air flow pattern Unidirectional airflow
Non-unidirectional airflow
Combined airflow
Different Sources of Contamination in an Aseptic Area
1) Personnel:
2) Buildings and Facilities
3) Equipment and Utensils:
4) Raw Materials
5) Manufacturing Process:
Methods of Prevention of Contamination Clean Area Classification
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-1 Study of morphology, cla...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-1Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of fungi, Introduction fungi. Morphological Characteristics of fungi, CLASSIFICATION: Depending on cell morphology, fungi can be divided into 4 classes:
Moulds Yeasts ,Yeast like fungi and
Dimorphic fungi
Depending on their sexual spores formation fungi are divided into 4 classes:
Zygomycetes Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes Dueteromycetes
Reproduction and sporulation;Vegetative, Asexual
and Sexual
Vegetative reproduction: Fragmentation ,Fission, budding, Sclerotia Rhizomorphs
Asexual reproduction: Zoospores
Sporangiospore, Conidia
Oidia Uredospores ,Basidiospores
Sexual reproduction:Planogametic copulation: Isogamy Heterogamy
Gametangial contact
Gametangial copulation Spermatization Somatogamy CULTIVATION OF FUNGI: Brain Heart Infusion (BHT) agar
Czapek’s agar
Mycobiotic agar Inhibitory mold agar (IMA)
Potato dextrose agar
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA):
Sabouraud’s heart infusion (SABHI) agar
Potato Flake agar
Potato dextrose-yeast extract agar (PDYA)
. Cornmeal agar
Malt extract agar (MEA)
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLO...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-2
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
1. Physical and chemical changes:
2. Assessment of viable microorganisms in non-sterile products:
3. Sterility test:
4. Estimation of pyrogens:
Microbial Limit Tests:
Total Aerobic Microbial Count:
Membrane Filtration.
Plate Count Methods.
Pour Plate Method.
Surface spread Method.
Most Probable Number(MPN)
Terminology
Introduction of Disinfectants
Classification of Disinfectants
Mode of action of Disinfectants
Factors affecting Disinfection
Evaluation of Anti-microbial agents and Disinfectants
are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores; it is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
Antiseptics and disinfectants in aquaculture can be accepted alternative in minimizing use of antibiotics, if they meet maximum efficiency and minimum impact on fish health and the environment.
Silver Hydrogen Peroxide, an eco-friendly disinfectant, with a variety of uses. It breaks down into water and oxygen after work. Oxidizing in nature, and silver provides extra benefit of long lasting disinfection.
Used for disinfection of soil, dairy, water, etc.
Compatible with most materials and can be used in any media.
Disinfectant and antiseptic is used for kill the microbes or inhibit the growth of microbes and decreasing their numbers in such a low level that they become unable to impart any harmful effect.
A detailed summary of all the possible chemical disinfectants used in hospital sterilization procedures. Innovative pictures and brief explanations of all important topics clearly illustrated.........
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about antiseptics, disinfectants. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Disinfectants are classified as follows
• Air disinfectants
• Chemical disinfectants -
– Organic
– Inorganic
• Non- chemical disinfectants
• Oxidising disinfectants
• Home disinfectants
• Others disinfectants
4. Air disinfectants
• They are typically chemical substances capable of
disinfecting microorganisms suspended in the air.
• An air disinfectant must be dispersed either as an
aerosol or vapour at a sufficient concentration in the air
to reduce the number of viable infectious
microorganisms to be significantly reduced.
• Various glycols, principally propylene glycol and
triethylene glycol, are ideal air disinfectants because
they have both high lethality to microorganisms and
low mammalian toxicity to inactive of diverse bacteria,
influenza virus, and Penicillium chrysogenum
(previously P
.notatum) moldfungus
5. Chemical disinfectants
• Organic disinfectant –
• Alcohols : are most effective when combined with distilled water
(concentration of 60% to 70% v/v) to facilitate diffusion through the
cell membrane & have fairly rapid bactericidal action against
vegetative bacteria. Ethanol 60 to 70% v/v and isopropanol 50 to
60% v/v are used as skin disinfectants while methanol vapour has
been used as fungicide. Additionally, high-concentration mixtures
(such as 80% ethanol + 5% isopropanol) are required to effectively
inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such as HIV,hepatitis B, and
hepatitis C.The higher alcohols ( propyl, butyl, amyl etc) are more
germicidal than ethyl alcohol. Alcohols are used as preservatives in
some vaccines.
• Aldehyde : Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the main aldehyde used for
disinfection, have a wide microbiocidal activity and are sporicidal
and fungicidal. Formaldehyde in solution is useful for sterilization
of certain instruments. Sometimes, ortho-phthalaldehyde is aiso
used.
6. Phenol and its derivatives : Phenol is the chief products obtained by the distillation
of the coal tar. Phenol 1% has bactericidal action. Many derivatives of phenol are
more effective and less costly. Phenolics are active ingredients in some household
disinfectants. They are also found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap
and handwashes. Phenols are toxic to cats and newborn humans. o-Phenylphenol is
often used instead of phenol, since it is somewhat less corrosive
• Hexachlorophene is a phenolic that was once used as a germicidal additive to some
household products but was banned due to suspected harmful effects.
• Chloroxylenol is the principal ingredient in Dettol, a household disinfectant and
antiseptic.
• Thymol, derived from the herb thyme, is the active ingredient in some "broad
spectrum" disinfectants that often bear ecological claims. It is used as a stabilizer in
pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and
antifungal actions, and was formerly used as a vermifuge.
• Amylmetacresol is found in Strepsils, a throat disinfectant.
• Although not a phenol, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol has similar effects as phenols,
but it cannot inactivate viruses.
7. • Quaternary ammonium compound : ("quats"), such as benzalkonium chloride,
are widely used for the control of microorganisms like non-enveloped viruses such
as norovirus, rotavirus, or polio virus , bacteria and pathogenic fungi within (3–5
minutes) on floors, walls, nursing homes and other public places. They are also
used as skin antiseptics and as sanitizing agents in dairy, egg and fishing industries.
Quats are biocides that also kill algae and are used as an additive in large-scale
industrial water systems to minimize undesired biological growth.
• T
erpenes : such as Pine oil and Thyme ; Pine oil is a disinfectant that is mildly
antiseptic, effective against , the fungi ,bacteria, influenza virus etc.. It will kill the
causative agents of typhoid, gastroenteritis (some agents), rabies, cholera several
forms of meningitis, whooping cough, gonorrhea and several types of dysentery. It
is not effective against spore related illnesses, such as tetanus or anthrax, or against
non-enveloped viruses such as poliovirus, rhinovirus, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C.
• Thymol can also be used as a medical disinfectant and general purpose disinfectant
; used in alcohol solutions and in dusting powders for the treatment of ringworm
infections.
• Lactic acid : is a registered disinfectant. Due to its natural and environmental
profile, it has gained importance in the market
8. Inorganic disinfectants –
• Acids and bases :
Sodium hydroxidePotassium hydroxide,Calcium hydroxide,
Magnesium hydroxide, Sulfurous acid, Sulfur dioxide
• Metals
• Iodine : Iodophors are prepared by mixing iodine with the
solubilizing agent; Diluted iodophor is often used by brewers and
winemakers to sanitize equipment and bottles; Its major advantage
over other sanitizers is that when used in proper proportions, it does
not require rinsing.
• Chlorine : This group comprises aqueous solution of chlorine,
hypochlorite, or hypochlorous acid. Occasionally, chlorine-releasing
compounds and their salts are included in this group. Frequently, a
concentration of < 1 ppm of available chlorine is sufficient to kill
bacteria and viruses, spores and mycobacteria requiring higher
concentrations. Chlorine has been used for applications, such as the
deactivation of pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water
and wastewater, for the disinfection of household areas and for
textile bleaching.
9. Non-chemical disinfectants
• Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is the use of high-intensity shortwave
ultraviolet light for disinfecting smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but
not porous materials that are opaque to the light such as wood orfoam.
• Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal water treatment. Ultraviolet light
fixtures are often present in microbiology labs, and are activated only when
there are no occupants in a room(e.g., at night).
• The phrase "sunlight is the best disinfectant" was popularized in 1913 by
United States. As sunlight's ultraviolet rays can act as a disinfectant, the
Earth's ozone layerblocks the rays' most effective wavelengths. Therefore,
ultraviolet light-emitting machines, such as those used to disinfect some
hospital rooms, make for better disinfectants thansunlight.
• Heat treatment can be used for disinfection and sterilization.
10. Oxidising disinfectants
Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell membrane of
microorganisms, which results in a loss of structure and leads to cell
lysisand death. Chlorine and oxygenare strong oxidizers, so their
large number of disinfectants operate in this way are as follows:
• Electrolyzed water or "Anolyte" is an oxidizing, acidic
hypochlorite solution made by electrolysisof sodium chloride into
sodium hypochlorite ; hypochlorous acid is the predominant
oxychlorine species.
• Hydrogen peroxide is used in hospitals to disinfect surfaces and it is
used in solution alone or in combination with other chemicals as a
high level disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide is sometimes mixed with
colloidal silver. It is often preferred because it causes far fewer
allergicreactions than alternative disinfectants.Also used in the food
packaging industry to disinfect foil containers.A3% solution is also
used as an antiseptic.
11. • Hydrogen peroxide vapour is used as a medical sterilant and as room
disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide has the advantage that it decomposes to
form oxygen and water thus leaving no long term residues. Occupational
Safety and HealthAdministration OSHApermissible exposurelimit is 1
ppm.
• Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide , 2% solution ( antimicrobial action of
hydrogen peroxide can be enhanced by surfactants and organic acids),
stabilized for extended use, achieves high-level disinfection in 5 minutes,
and is suitable for disinfecting medical equipment made from hard plastic,
such as in endoscopes. The evidence available suggests that products based
on Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide, apart from being good germicides, are
safer for humans and benign to the environment.
• Ozone is a gas used for disinfecting water, laundry, foods, air, and surfaces.
It is chemically aggressive and destroys many organic compounds,
resulting in rapid decolorization and deodorization in addition to
disinfection. Regardless, ozone has a very wide range of applications from
municipal to industrial water treatment due to its powerfulreactivity.
• Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purplish-black crystalline
powder that colours everything it touches, through a strong oxidising
action. It is used to disinfect aquariums and is used in somecommunity
swimming pools as a foot disinfectant before entering the pool.
12. Home disinfectants
• The most cost-effective home disinfectant is chlorine bleach
(typically a >10% solution of sodiumhypochlorite which is
effective against most common pathogens, including
disinfectant-resistant organisms such as tuberculosis
(mycobacterium tuberculosis), hepatitis B and C, fungi, and
antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus and
enterococcus. It has disinfectant action against some
parasitic organisms.
• The benefits of chlorine bleach include its inexpensive and
fast acting nature. However it is harmful to mucous
membranes and skin upon contact, has a strong odour ; and
combination with other cleaning products such as ammonia
and vinegarcan generate noxious gases like chlorine.
13. Others
• Biguanide polymer : Polyaminopropyl biguanide is specifically bactericidal at very low
concentrations (10 mg/l). It has a unique method of action: The polymer strands are
incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its
permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria. It is also known to bind to bacterial DNA,
alter its transcription, and cause lethal DNA damage. It has very low toxicity to higher
organisms such as human cells, which have more complex and protective membranes.
• Detergents and Soaps: They are widely used as surface active agents, wetting agents and
emulsifiers. They are classified into four main groups such as anionic, cationic, non-ionic and
amphoteric. The most important antibacterial agents are the cationic surface active agents. Eg:
cetrimide, benzalkonium chloride etc. Soaps and sodium lauryl sulfate are anionic
compounds. Soaps prepared from saturated fatty acids are more effective against gram
negative bacilli while those prepared from unsaturated acids have greater action against gram
positive. Nonionic detergents are not ionized. However these substances do not posses
significient anti-microbial activity. Amphoteric compounds have the detergent properties of
anionic surfactants combined with disinfectant properties of cationic surfactants. Eg: Tego
compounds.
• Sodium bicarbonate: (NaHCO3) has antifungal properties, and some antiviral and
antibacterial properties, though those are too weak to be effective at a home environment.
• Dyes : A number of dyes have been used to inhibit the bacterial growth. Basic dyes are more
effective bactericides than acidic dyes. Acridine and triphenylmethane dyes are commonly
used as antimicrobial agents.