A pesticide is a substance that disrupts or kills organisms that we consider to be pests such as weeds, damaging insects, or microbes that cause disease.
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or desiccant.
Pest- it is any animal, plant or microorganism that trouble, injuries or cause destruction of crop.
Methods of pest control-
They have two types- natural and artificial pest control.
Natural pest control- they are prepared in nature due to prey- predator relationships.
Beneficial insects are those insects which prey on harmful insects or their larvae.
Artificial pest control- these are man mede methods to control pest.
They have following types
In agricultural production the synthetic pesticides are used which has got sometimes carcinogenic, teratogenic and residual toxic effects.
The excessive use of it also causes serious health hazards to live stocks, human life, wild life, fishes, birds and animals.
mechanical- manual or mechanical method for collection or destruction of pest. Eg.handpicking, pruning, trapping, burning for destruction of eggs, larvae, pupae, insects
Agriculture control- these methods are used to destroy life cycle of pest
eg deep ploughing for eradication of weeds, alternate crop rotation, hybrid pest resistance crop species
Chemical control- these are chemicals used to kill pest
eg. insecticides, paraciticides
Biological control- Living organisms are used to control pest.
Eg microorganisms may be used to kill by causing fatal disease in insects
Classification of pesticides
Pesticides are classified according to the pest they control
Insecticides (Ants, moths, cockroaches)
Herbicides (Weeds)
Fungicides (Control fungal diseases)
Rodenticides (Rats)
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management.
The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required.
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the nux vomica and khurchi bark. This presentation is useful for the individuals who are looking for information on this topic especially for those students who are studying Pharmacognosy.
Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. Adulteration in simple words is the debasement of an article. OR Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.
ADULTRANT : The adulterant must be some material which in both cheap and available in fairly large amounts.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Adulteration of Crude Drug and Evaluation Methods Vandana Janghel
Different factor and cause of adulteration with common examples, different types of adulteration with examples, different types of quality control methods for detection of adulteration (physical , chemical, biological, morphological and microscopic methods of detection of adulterstion with examples of each evaluation parameter)
Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugsJegan Nadar
Thus PPT covers Cultivation,Collection, Processing and Storage of crude drugs. This ppt includes different methods of propagation, pest and pest control management, growth regulators, polyploidy, hybridization, collection of crude drugs and storage of crude drugs.
In this presentation i have tried to explain in detail about the nux vomica and khurchi bark. This presentation is useful for the individuals who are looking for information on this topic especially for those students who are studying Pharmacognosy.
Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. Adulteration in simple words is the debasement of an article. OR Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.
ADULTRANT : The adulterant must be some material which in both cheap and available in fairly large amounts.
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Adulteration of Crude Drug and Evaluation Methods Vandana Janghel
Different factor and cause of adulteration with common examples, different types of adulteration with examples, different types of quality control methods for detection of adulteration (physical , chemical, biological, morphological and microscopic methods of detection of adulterstion with examples of each evaluation parameter)
This ppt is about natural pesticides. and how they are better than synthetics. this lecture is helpful for students of pharmacognosy and agriculture.
synthetic pesticides are need to be replaced with natural substances and natural methods to control like biological control etc.
pests are creating a huge economic loss so its the need of the time to focus on natural pest control methods.
if you like the lecture comment and share
What are the Advantages & disadvantages of Natural PesticidesShivaniPadole
A Natural pesticide is a substance that disrupts or kills organisms that we consider to be pests such as weeds, damaging insects, or microbes that cause disease. Pesticides that are made by other organisms, usually for their own defense or that comes from a natural source like a mineral or a plant are called natural pesticides. Although this is generally true, not all natural pesticides are always safer or better for the environment than man-made pesticides. Nicotine, for instance, is the highly addictive component of cigarette smoke and a natural pesticide found in tobacco leaves, but it is actually much more toxic than the majority of modern synthetic pesticides.
Introduction
Definition
Characteristics of poisonous plant
Microbial and plant poisons
Classification of poisonous plants
Various plants ( local name, biological source, family, constituents, mediated part and uses)
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.
According to the World Health Organisation, herbal medicines are defined as ‘finished, labelled medicinal products that contain as active ingredients aerial or underground parts of plants, or other plant material, or combinations thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant preparations.
Herbal medicines contain a combination of pharmacologically active plant constituents that are claimed to work synergistically to produce an effect greater than the sum of the effects of the single constituents
Nutraceutical is the hybrid of ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceutical’. Nutraceuticals, in broad, are food or part of food playing a significant role in modifying and maintaining normal physiological function that maintains healthy human beings.
It may be define as a process of separation of solids from a fluid by passing the same through a porous medium that retains the solids but allows the fluid to pass through.
When solid are present in very low concentration, i.e., not exceeding 1.0% w/v, the process of its separation from liquid is called clarification.
PATENTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMERS' RIGHTS ACT, 2001
BIOPROSPECTING AND BIOPIRACY
PATENTING ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND NATURAL PRODUCTS. CASE STUDY OF
CURCUMA & NEEM
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. A pesticide is a substance that disrupts or kills organisms that we consider to
be pests such as weeds, damaging insects, or microbes that cause disease.
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.
Pest- it is any animal, plant or microorganism that trouble, injuries or cause
destruction of crop.
Methods of pest control-
They have two types- natural and artificial pest control.
Natural pest control- they are prepared in nature due to prey- predator
relationships.
Beneficial insects are those insects which prey on harmful insects or their larvae.
Artificial pest control- these are man mede methods to control pest.
They have following types
4. In agricultural production the synthetic pesticides are used which has got
sometimes carcinogenic, teratogenic and residual toxic effects.
The excessive use of it also causes serious health hazards to live stocks, human life,
wild life, fishes, birds and animals.
mechanical- manual or mechanical method for collection or destruction of pest.
Eg.handpicking, pruning, trapping, burning for destruction of eggs, larvae, pupae,
insects
Agriculture control- these methods are used to destroy life cycle of pest
eg deep ploughing for eradication of weeds, alternate crop rotation, hybrid pest
resistance crop species
Chemical control- these are chemicals used to kill pest
eg. insecticides, paraciticides
Biological control- Living organisms are used to control pest.
Eg microorganisms may be used to kill by causing fatal disease in insects
8. Fungicides- they are used to control fungal diseases of plants and food crops.
Fungi can cause serious damage in agriculture, resulting in critical losses of yield,
quality, and profit
Fungicides can either be contact, translaminar or systemic. Contact fungicides are
not taken up into the plant tissue, and protect only the plant where the spray is
deposited; translaminar fungicides redistribute the fungicide from the upper,
sprayed leaf surface to the lower, unsprayed surface; systemic fungicides are taken
up and redistributed through the xylem vessels. Few fungicides move to all parts of a
plant. Some are locally systemic, and some move upwardly
9. Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with
gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within. It
is used to control pests in buildings (structural fumigation), soil, grain, and
produce, and is also used during processing of goods to be imported or
exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms.
10. Rodenticides, rat poison, are pest control chemicals intended to kill rodents.
Rodenticides are controversial, due to secondary poisoning and their risks to
children, pets and wildlife.
Single feed baits are chemicals sufficiently dangerous that the first dose is
sufficient to kill.
rodents will eat a small bit of something and wait, and if they do not get sick, they
continue. An effective rodenticides must be tasteless and odorless in lethal
concentrations, and have a delayed effect.
13. Mode of action. In both insects and mammals, nicotine is an extremely fast-
acting nerve toxin. It competes with acetylcholine, the major neurotransmitter, by
bonding to acetylcholine receptors at nerve synapses and causing uncontrolled
nerve firing. This disruption of normal nerve impulse activity results in rapid
failure of those body systems that depend on nervous input for proper functioning.
In insects, the action of nicotine is fairly selective, and only certain types of
insects are affected.
20. The NEEM tree (Azadirachta indica belonging to the family Meliaceae) is a
tropical evergreen tree native to India and is also found in other southeast countries.
In India, neem is known as “the village pharmacy” because of its healing versatility,
and it has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 4,000 years due to its
medicinal properties. In the first millennium BC the neem tree was called the "Sarva
Roga Nivarini" (one that could cure all ailments and ills).
Description : Leaves are imparipinnate, alternate, exstipulate, 3-6 cm long on long
slender petioles; leaflets 7-17; alternate or opposite, very shortly stalked, 1-1.5 cm
long. Apex: ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, bases are unequal, Smooth in touch and
dark green in color, odour is typical, and taste is bitter in nature. Fruits are Ovoid,
bluntly pointed, smooth drupe, appear in Green (Young and unripe); Yellow to
brown (Mature and ripe) in color. Shows Very scanty pulp and hard bony endocarp.
Solitary with a thick testa and embryo with foliaceous cotyledons in the axis of
scanty endocarp.
24. Uses
Neem oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree and has insecticidal and
medicinal properties due to which it has been used in pest control in cultivation.
Neem seed cake (residue of neem seeds after oil extraction) when used for soil
amendment or added to soil, not only enriches the soil with organic matter but also
lowers nitrogen losses by inhibiting nitrification.
It also works as a nematicide.
Neem leaves are used as green leaf manure and also in preparation of litter compost.
Neem leaves are also used in storage of grains.
Twigs of neem when tender is used as green manure after decomposing and widely
incorporated in rice cultivation fields.
Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have been found to have insecticidal properties.
has anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-nematicidalproperties and positive effect in
combating several diseases
25. DERRIS
Biological source: It consists of dried root and rhizomes of Derris elliptica and Derris
malaccensis belonging into the family Leguminosae
Tubli is a rambling climber, with branches covered with brown hairs. Leaves are
pinnate and 30 to 50 centimeters long. Leaflets are usually oblong, 9 to 13, when
matured smooth above, and subglaucous and silky beneath, 10 to 15 centimeters
long, and about half as broad. Racemes are lax, 15 to 30 centimeters in length,
with reddish flowers in stalked clusters. Pods are 5 to 8 centimeters long and
contain 1 to 3 seeds, flat and reniform, olive, brown or black.
Synonym: Tubli
26. Mode of action
Mode of action of rotenone is a respiratory enzyme inhibitor, acting between NAD+
(a coenzyme involved in oxidation and reduction in metabolic pathways) and
coenzyme Q (a respiratory enzyme responsible for carrying electrons in some electron
transport chains), resulting in failure of the respiratory functions.
Acute toxicity: Local effects on the body include conjunctivitis, dermatitis, sore
throat, and congestion. Ingestion produces effects ranging from mild irritation to
vomiting. Inhalation of high doses can cause increased respiration followed by
depression and convulsions. The compound can cause a mild rash in humans and is a
strong eye irritant to rabbits .
Chronic toxicity: Growth retardation and vomiting resulted from chronic exposures
of rats and dogs. The compound is nontoxic to bees. However, it is toxic to bees when
used in combination with pyrethrum.
28. SABADILLA synonym: stickweed
Biological source: It consists of dried ripe seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale
belonging to the family Liliaceae, it is a perennial plant growing up to 1 metre tall
from an underground bulb.
The plant is used locally as an insecticide.
Brushy or grassy slopes, usually in pine or oak forest, mostly in rather dry and
exposed places, sometimes on moist or wet slopes, chiefly at elevations of 500 -
2,000 metresThe seeds are 4 - 6 mm. long, wrinkled, black or dark brown outside,
whitish within, hard, inodorous, and have an exceedingly acrid, burning taste. They
contain veratrin and other alkaloids, and are poisonous.
They formerly constituted an official drug of the British Pharmacopoeia.The seeds
have emetic-cathartic properties, operating sometimes with great violence, and
overdoses produce death. They were formerly used to some extent to expel
tapeworms
30. The seeds are black, shining, flat, shrivelled and winged, odourless, with a bitter,
acrid, persistent and disagreeable taste, the pale grey, amorphous powder being
errhine and violently sternutatory.
Chemical Constituents---Sabadilla contains several alkaloids, the most important
being Cevadine, yielding cevine on hydrolysis; Veratrine, obtained from the syrupy
liquor from which the cevadine has crystallized; and Cevadilline or Sabadillie,
obtained after the extraction of the veratrine with ether.
Two other alkaloids have been isolated: Sabadine, which is less sternutatory than
veratrine, and Sabadinine, which is not sternutatory. Sabadilla yields about 0.3 per
cent of veratrine. The seeds also contain veratric acid, cevadic acid, fat and resin.
Uses:
It is an insecticide used to kill house flies and bugs in the form of spray or dust.
31.
32.
33. • Uses:
• Spinal cord stimulant.
• In cases of neurasthenia (excessive fatigue of neurotic origin).
• As a circulatory stimulant.
• Nerve and sex tonic.
• Bitter Stomachic (strengthening of stomach and promoting its action).
34. RYANIA
Biological source: It consists of dried root and stems of Ryania speciosa belonging
to the family Flacourtiaceae.
Ryania is a botanical insecticide made from the ground stems of Ryania speciosa, a
native plant of tropical America. The principal alkaloid in this stem extract is
ryanodine, which makes up approximately 0.2% of the product. Ryania is highly
toxic to the fruit moth, coddling moth, corn earworm, European corn borer, and
citrus thrips, but it is ineffective against the cabbage maggot, cauliflower worm,
and boll weevil. Ryania is a complex mixture of many compounds; thus, no single
structure would represent it.
36. Citrus Oil Extracts: Limonene and Linalool
Crude citrus oils and the refined compounds d-limonene (hereafter referred to
simply as limonene) and linalool are extracted from orange and other citrus fruit
peels.
Limonene, a terpene, constitutes about 90% of crude citrus oil, and is purified
from the oil by steam distillation.
Linalool, a terpene alcohol, is found in small quantities in citrus peel and in over
200 other herbs, flowers, fruits, and woods.
37. Terpenes and terpene alcohols are among the major components of many plant
volatiles or essential oils. Other components of essential oils are ketones,
aldehydes, esters, and various alcohols. Essential oils are the volatile compounds
responsible for most of the tastes and scents of plants. Many of the essential oils
also have some physiological activity.
Mode of action. The modes of action of limonene and linalool in insects are not
fully understood. Limonene is thought to cause an increase in the spontaneous
activity of sensory nerves. This heightened activity sends spurious information to
motor nerves and results in twitching, lack of coordination, and convulsions. The
central nervous system may also be affected, resulting in additional stimulation of
motor nerves. Massive over stimulation of motor nerves leads to rapid knockdown
paralysis.