The periodic table arranges all known elements in order of increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. Elements are organized into rows and columns, with each row representing an orbital period and each column representing a group of elements with similar electron configurations and properties. The periodic table has evolved over time as new elements were discovered and theories on atomic structure advanced, leading to the modern form that organizes elements based on their atomic numbers.
Worksheet for working out the Percentage by Mass of various compounds. Pupils will need a data sheet or a list of relative atomic masses to be able to complete the questions.
Worksheet for working out the Percentage by Mass of various compounds. Pupils will need a data sheet or a list of relative atomic masses to be able to complete the questions.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
S-Block Elements - Group I Metals (Alkali metals) and Group II Metals (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Physical and Chemical Properties # General characteristics # Distiguih between both groups of metals # Some Examples of both groups metals
Properties of periodic table by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Properties of Periodic Table" is prepared for grade IX students. The slide show includes a brief description on the properties of elements in the periodic table, that shifts periodically, hence explaining the concept of periodicity. the main topics include Atomic Radii, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electronegativity.
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
S-Block Elements - Group I Metals (Alkali metals) and Group II Metals (Alkaline Earth Metals)
Physical and Chemical Properties # General characteristics # Distiguih between both groups of metals # Some Examples of both groups metals
Properties of periodic table by Saliha RaisSaliha Rais
The presentation "Properties of Periodic Table" is prepared for grade IX students. The slide show includes a brief description on the properties of elements in the periodic table, that shifts periodically, hence explaining the concept of periodicity. the main topics include Atomic Radii, Ionization energy, Electron affinity and Electronegativity.
ch 3 classification of elements and periodicity in properties.pdfLUXMIKANTGIRI
In chapter there is a Theory by which how the bonding and the structure of the molecules can change how they are actually content and make a knee compounds what are the laws basically followed during this concept
Effects of selenium on wheat plants under drought conditionAriful Islam Sagar
Drought stress is considered to be one of the major agricultural problems around the globe. Selenium (Se) is known to reduce the severe effects of various environmental stresses in plants. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the physiological and biochemical modifications induced by Se supply to improve the drought tolerance potential of wheat. Experiment was designed with two water treatments {with (W) and without water (D)}, Se (S) alone and Se combined with D (S+D). Drought stress significantly inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings however Se supply increased shoot weight. Under drought stress, extra Se supply increased the antioxidant capacity, osmoprotectants of wheat seedlings through maintenance of turgor and gas exchange characteristics and enhancement in antioxidant system activity A significant decrease in growth parameters and soluble protein content was caused by the drought stress when an increase in root production, proline content, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity of leaf tissue occurred. Application of se significantly reduced osmotic potential which markedly improved turgor, increased transpiration rate, increases accumulation of total soluble sugars and free amino acids and antioxidant system activity which eventually improves the grain production efficiency. Additional nutrient uptake, relative water content’s, crop growth rate also affected by supplemental Se but the biomass accumulation under drought stress had no significant effect.
September on Jessore Road is a poem by Allen Ginsberg on refugees from Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971. During Bangladesh's Liberation War in 1971, the US government was an ally of Pakistan and even sent its 7th fleet to intimidate India from interfering with the events in then East Pakistan.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Periodic Table
The periodic table is an arrangement of all the elements known to man in accordance with
their increasing atomic number and recurring chemical properties. They are assorted in a
tabular arrangement in which a row is a period and a column is a group.
2. History of Periodic Table
Metal Non-Metal
Mercury (Hg) Oxygen (O2)
Zinc (Zn) Hydrogen (H2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Phosphorus (P)
Sulfur (S)
1789
Antoine
Lavoisier
1 33
Elements
On the basis of physical properties
5. History of Periodic Table
1862
De
Chancourtoi
3
Characteristics:
Based on atomic mass.
Arranged in a rotating way in a perpendicular cylinder.
Arranged in such a way that the positional height of the element is
proportional to the atomic mass of the element.
Elements with similar characters are located just below each other.
The first step of modern periodic table.
6. History of Periodic Table
1864
John Newlands
4
Arranged elements in an ascending
order based on their atomic masses
Observed that every 8th element
had similar properties.
7. History of Periodic Table
Lothar
Meyer
5
not only ordered the elements with increasing
atomic weights but also grouped them
according to their valencies.
Plotted the graph of the atomic volume (molar
volume) vs atomic mass.
8. History of Periodic Table
1869
Dimitri Mendeleev
6
Law of the Mendeleev’s periodic table:
the properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic
masses.
63 invented
elements and 4
non invented
element
9. History of Periodic Table
6
The similarity of the modern periodic table with the early periodic table
given by Mendeleev is negligible.
Three years later, Mendeleev
rearranged his periodic table in a
slightly different way, similar to
the modern periodic table.
10. History of Periodic Table
6
Limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table:
Argon (39.94) and Potassium (39.1), Tellurium (127.5) and Iodine (126.9), Cobalt (58.9) and Nickel
(58.7)- In these three cases it was not possible to sort by mass.
No proper position could be given to the element Hydrogen.
Position of the isotopes could not be explained.
Problems with lanthanides and actinides.
8th group incompatibility.
11. History of Periodic Table
Modern era
7
In 1913, Henry G. J. Moseley observed that the order of characters of elements was changing on the basis of
atomic numbers, not atomic masses.
Then the periodic formula slightly changed- The physical and chemical properties of elements rotate
gradually as their atomic numbers increase.
12.
13. Characteristics of modern periodic table
7 periods (horizontal row)
18 groups (vertical column)
A small table composed of 2 horizontal rows and 14 perpendicular columns is displayed
beneath the main periodic table. It is also the part of period-6 and period-7 of main
periodic table.
Properties of the elements change from left to right in the same period.
The physical and chemical properties of elements of the same group are almost similar.
Period 1 2, 3 4, 5 6, 7
Number of elements 2 8 18 32
Group 1 2 3 4-12 13-17 18
Number of elements 7 6 32 4 6 7
Number
of
elements
14. Determination of the position of elements in periodic table from the electronic configuration
Determining the period number:
The number of the outermost main energy level ---> Period number of that
given element.
For example,
Li (3) ---> 1s² 2s¹
Here, period number of Li is 2
Mg (12) ---> 1s² 2s² 2p6 3s².
Here, period number of Mg is 3
Ca (20) ---> 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Here, period number of Ca is 4
15. Determination of the position of elements in periodic table from the electronic configuration
Determining the group number
If Last Electron enters –
s block – it is a s block elemen
p block – it is a p block elemen
d block – it is a d block elemen
16. Determination of the position of elements in periodic table from the electronic configuration
Determining the group number
Valence Shell
A valence shell is the outermost electron-containing
shell of an atom.
The electrons in this shell are called valence
electrons.
Penultimate Shell
Penultimate shell is the electron-containing shell
that is inner to the outermost valence shell.
It is the second last electron-filled shell or the shell
before the valence shell.
Valence Shell
Penultimate Shell
17. Determination of the position of elements in periodic table from the electronic configuration
Determining the group number:
If it is an element of s block ---> The number of electrons in the valence shell.
Be (4) ---> 1s² 2s²
Francium (87) ---> 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s1
18. Determination of the position of elements in periodic table from the electronic configuration
Determining the group number:
If it is an element of p block ---> The number of electrons in valence shell (summation of
outermost electrons present in s and p orbitals) + 10
N (7) ---- > 1s² 2s² 2p³
Oganesson (118) ---- > 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6
19. Determination of the position of elements in periodic table from the electronic configuration
Determining the group number:
If it is an element of d block ---> The number of electrons in valence shell +
The number of electrons in the penultimate shell (very near to the valence shell).
Fe (26) ---> 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁶
Ag (47) ---> 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10
21. The Special Names of Elements Present in Various Groups
Name of the group Special Name
1 Alkali metal
2 Alkaline earth metal
15 Pnictogen
16 Chalcogen
17 Halogen
18 Inert gas / Noble gas
3-12 Transition metal
Coin metals — Cu, Ag, Au
Acid earth metals — V, Nb, Ta
Volatile metals — Zn, Cd, Hg
Lanthanides — Elements 57–71
Actinides — 89–103
Rare-earth element — Sc, Y, Lanthanides.
22. Some Exceptions of Periodic Table
The position of Hydrogen
The position of Helium
The position of Lanthanide and Actinide groups
23. Periodic Properties of Elements
The phenomenon in which repetition of similar properties of elements occurs are called periodic
properties.
Metallic Properties
Non-Metallic Properties
Atomic Radius / Size of Atom
Ionization Energy (ionization potential)
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
30. Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is simple terms can be described as a measure of the difficulty in removing an electron
from an atom or ion or the tendency of an atom or ion to surrender an electron.
1st Ionization Energy, X – e- → X+
2nd Ionization Energy, X+ – e- → X2+
3rd Ionization Energy, X2+ – e- → X3+
The energy that is required to transform an element into one mole
positive ion removing one mole electron from its one mole atom
in its gaseous state is called ionization energy of that element.
32. Electron Affinity
The energy emitted when we try to transform an element in its gaseous state
into one mole negative ion by injecting one mole electron into its one mole
atom is called the electron affinity of that element.
34. Electronegativity
When two atoms turn into a molecule in covalent bond , the atoms in that
molecule attract he electrons toward themselves. This attraction is called
electronegativity.
When the electronegativity is more
36. Periodic Properties of Elements
Shell Number Remains same
Increases
by
one
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
Increases
Increases
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Decreases
Metallic Properties
Non-Metallic Properties
Size of Atom
Decreases
Decreases
Decreases
Increases
Increases
Increases
37.
38. Some Interesting Facts about the Periodic Table
The only English letter not in the periodic table- J
The rarest element found in the earth- Astatine (At)
The first artificially created element- Technetium (Tc)
75% of the periodic table is metal
The 136th element may be the last element
