1. The document discusses perception and the perceptual process. 2. It describes perception as the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world, involving selecting stimuli, organizing it, and interpreting it based on existing knowledge. 3. The perceptual process involves four stages - sensation, selection, organization, and interpretation of environmental stimuli.

1. .
PERCEPTION

2. FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

3. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

4. PERCEPTION
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying
the process through which we interpret and organize
sensory information to produce our conscious
experience of objects and object relationship.”
“ Perception is the process of receiving information
about and making sense of the world around us. It
involves deciding which information to notice, how to
categorize this information and how to interpret it
within the framework of existing knowledge.

5. PERCEPTION
“ A process by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment ”.

6. Attitudes and
Behaviours
Organization and
Interpretation
Selective Attention
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS MODEL
Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting
Environmental Stimuli

7. THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
1. Sensation
 An individual’s ability to
detect stimuli in the
immediate environment.
2. Selection
 The process a person
uses to eliminate some of
the stimuli that have been
sensed and to retain
others for further
processing.
3. Organization
 The process of placing
selected perceptual stimuli
into a framework for
“storage.”
4. Interpretation
 The stage of the
perceptual process at
which stimuli are
interpreted and given
meaning.

8. SELECTIVE ATTENTION
 Characteristics of the object
 size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty
 Perceptual context
 Characteristics of the perceiver
 attitudes
 perceptual defense
 expectations -- condition us to expect events

9. Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Motion
• Novelty
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting

10. FIGURE-GROUND ILLUSTRATION
Field-ground differentiation
 The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.

13. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
 Our tendency to group several individual stimuli
into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.
 It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to
be inborn.
 Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity -closure
-proximity -similarity

18. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE
LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE:
DISTINCTIVENESS : Is this person’s performance different
on other tasks and in other situations?
CONSISTENCY : Over time, is there a change in behavior or
results on this task by this person?
CONSENSUS : Do others perform or behave similarly when in
a similar position?
“YES” answers lead to EXTERNAL attributions (Environmental
causes)
“NO” answers lead to INTERNAL attributions (Personal causes)

19. ATTRIBUTION THEORY
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
observation Attribution of cause
Consistency
Consensus
Distictinctiveness
Individual
behavior
Internal
External
Internal
External
Internal
External
H
L
H
L
H
L
H –high L- Low
Interpretation

20. External
Attribution
20
Distinctiveness
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
Yes
High
Consistency
No
Low
Consistency
No
Low
Consensus
Yes
High
Consensus
YES
Low
Distinctiveness
NO
High
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this same
manner at other
times ?
Internal
Attribution

21. PERCEPTUAL ERRORS & ATTRIBUTIONS
 STEREOTYPES : Based on appearance
 HALO (HORN) EFFECTS : One outstanding characteristic noted
 CONTRAST EFFECT : Ordering
 RECENCY EFFECT : Limited recall
 PROJECTION : “Similar to me” Error
 SKEWING ERRORS : Central tendency, leniency, strictness bias
 SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY : People respond the way you
“expected” they would
 SELECTIVE PERCEPTION (MIND SETS) : Filtering, selection,

22. ATTRIBUTION ERRORS
 THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
 the cause of poor performance (by others) is due to personal
factors (lazy…didn’t try very hard)
 SELF-SERVING BIAS
 the cause of poor performance (by myself) is due to
situational factors (poor support), not because of a lack of
effort

23. Improving
Perceptual
Accuracy
Diversity
Management
Empathize
With Others
Postpone
Impression
Formation
Know
Yourself
Compare
Perceptions
With Others
IMPROVING PERCEPTUAL ACCURACY

24. Known to Self Unknown to Self
Known
to Others
Unknown
to Others
Open
Area Blind
Area
Unknown
Area
Hidden
Area
KNOW YOURSELF (JOHARI WINDOW)
Open
Area
Blind
Area
Hidden
Area
Unknown
Area
Disclosure
Feedback