This document discusses immigration, industrialization, and urbanization in the United States between 1850-1900. Large numbers of immigrants arrived from Europe and Asia during this period due to push factors like poverty, famine, and religious persecution. They were drawn by the prospect of economic opportunity and freedom in America. New immigrants came mostly from southern and eastern Europe after 1880. Western expansion led to the closing of the frontier by the 1890s as Native Americans were displaced and the Plains and West became more diverse and urbanized, bringing new problems to growing cities.