The gilded age city life
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1) By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities and towns due to urbanization and the exodus of black workers from southern farms to northern cities. Streetcars replaced horse-drawn carriages and allowed cities to grow larger. 2) Andrew Carnegie built his steel empire in Pittsburgh using vertical integration, selling his company to J.P. Morgan for $400 million in 1900. 3) The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911 killed 145 garment workers, mostly young women, and led to increased union membership and stricter safety regulations.
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The gilded age city life
- 2. The City Changes By 1900, ~40% of Americans lived in cities & towns = urbanization, also exodus of blacks from southern farms to northern and western cities Streetcars: used in large cities, replaced horse- drawn carriages and pedestrians; as cities grew and became dirtier, the upper and middle classes moved to suburbs and commuted Skyscrapers: first skyscraper in Chicago (10 stories of steel structure)
- 3. The Steel Industry • Henry Bessemer and Bessemer process (1859): oxygen into molten iron to burn impurities = steel
- 4. The Steel Industry • Andrew Carnegie - born to poor Scottish family; by 1870’s manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh; used vertical integration • Sold company to J.P. Morgan for $400 million in 1900
- 5. Railroads • Transcontinental RR opens May 10, 1869 via Union Pacific and Central Pacific. Creates national market for goods and provided many jobs.
- 6. Railroads • Eastern Trunk Lines: (1830-1860) connected major Eastern cities, consolidated under Cornelius Vanderbilt post-Civil War (NY Central RR, 1867) • After the railroads were overproduced and businesses plummeted, J. P. Morgan and others consolidated railways and made them appealing to the public and diminished debts
- 7. The Oil Industry • Edwin Drake – first oil strike (PA, 1859)
- 8. The Oil Industry • John D. Rockefeller - use of horizontal integration, CEO of Standard Oil Trust (90% of oil business), philanthropists (YMCA), established “trusts”
- 9. Other Inventions of the Time • Thomas Edison - light bulb (1880) • Christopher Sholes – typewriter (1867) • Alexander Graham Bell – telephone (1876) • G.M. Pullman - sleeper cars for passenger trains (1880) • George Eastman - Kodak camera (1888) • King Gillette – disposable razor (1895)
- 10. Thomas Alva Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park”
- 11. The Light Bulb
- 13. The Ediphone or Dictaphone
- 14. The Motion Picture Camera
- 15. Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)
- 18. The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903
- 19. Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!
- 20. “Model T” Prices & Sales
- 21. U. S. Patents Granted 1790s 276 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
- 22. The Reorganization of Work Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
- 23. The Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line
- 24. Regulating the Trusts • Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890): federal law against monopolies which “prohibited any … conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce” • US v. E.C. Knight Co (1895): said anti-trust law only applied to commerce, not manufacturing
- 25. Characteristics of Urbanization During the Gilded Age 1. Megacities 2. Mass Transit 3. Magnet for economic and social opportunities 4. Pronounced class distinctions - Inner & outer core 5. New frontier of opportunity for women 6. Squalid living conditions for many 7. Political machines 8. Ethnic neighborhoods
- 29. Louis Sullivan: Carson, Prairie, Scott Dept. Store, Chicago, 1899
- 30. DH Burnham: Fisher [Apt.] Bldg, Chicago, 1896
- 31. World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893 Celebrated 400th anniversary of Columbus arrival in New World More than 27 million people (50% of the U.S. population) attended during its six- month run!
- 36. • fluorescent lamps • Cracker Jack • Ferris Wheel • Juicy Fruit gum • Quaker Oats • Cream of Wheat • Shredded Wheat • Hamburgers • Zipper • spray painting • Pledge of Allegiance • First documented American serial killer (27 confirmed killings, could be as high as 250!) • Milton Hershey bought a European exhibitor's chocolate manufacturing equipment • US Post Office produced its first picture postcards and commemorative stamps • United States Mint offered its first commemorative coins • Chicago's nickname, the "Windy City,” related to the hype of the city's promoters. • Ragtime music • First African-American violinist to conduct a transcontinental tour and the
- 49. D. H. Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Store, 1902
- 50. DH Burnham: Railway Exchange, Chicago, 1904
- 51. Frank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 1959 “Prairie House” School of Architecture “Organic Architecture” Function follows form!
- 52. Frank Lloyd Wright: Allen-Lamb House, 1915
- 53. Frank Lloyd Wright: Hollyhock House [Los Angeles], 1917
- 54. Frank Lloyd Wright: “Falling Waters”, 1936
- 55. Interior of “Falling Waters”
- 56. F. L. Wright Furniture
- 57. F. L. Wright Glass Screens Prairie wheat patterns.
- 58. Frank Lloyd Wright: Susan Lawrence Dana House, Springfield, IL - 1902
- 59. Frank Lloyd Wright: Johnson Wax Bldg. – Racine, WI, 1936
- 60. Frank Lloyd Wright: Guggenheim Museum, NYC - 1959
- 61. Frank Lloyd Wright: The Illinois, 1956 Plan for a 528 story one mile tall skyscraper! • Fits 100,000 people! • Parking for 15,000 cars! • Office space to house the entire IL state
- 62. Burj Dubai Dubai, UAE Opened January 2010 163 stories 2,717 ft tall
- 65. New York City Architectural Style: 1870s-1910s1. The style was less innovative than in Chicago. 2. NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago. 3. Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies. 4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.
- 72. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883
- 73. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1913
- 74. Statue of Liberty, 1876 (Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)
- 75. Immigration Why? Push factors (reasons to leave) and pull factors (reasons to come) “Old” Immigrants: mostly Germanic peoples from Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia and English-speaking Irish Catholics through 1880’s “New” Immigrants: (1890’s-1914) diverse; mostly from eastern and southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, and Austro-Hungarian Empire); religiously diverse = Roman Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish; many came to crowded areas in NY and set up
- 76. Immigration First quotas established on immigration numbers: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and Angel Island, CA; medical exams and entry taxes at Ellis Island, NY/NJ (1892) Statue of Liberty = beacon of hope for immigrants until 1920’s
- 79. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900
- 81. “The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris
- 82. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8th and 10th Floors
- 83. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
- 84. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
- 85. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
- 86. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
- 87. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
- 88. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910
- 89. Inside the Building After the Fire
- 90. Most Doors Were Locked
- 92. Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died
- 93. 10th Floor After the Fire
- 94. Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk
- 95. One of the “Lucky” Ones?
- 96. Scene at the Morgue
- 97. Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead
- 99. One of the Many Funerals
- 100. Protestors March to City Hall
- 101. Labor Unions March as Mourners
- 102. Women Workers March to City Hall
- 104. Out of the Ashes Union membership surged. NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention. New strict building codes were passed. Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops. Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.