This document discusses immigration to American cities between 1860 and 1910. It notes the large growth in city populations during this time period due to immigration and internal migration from rural areas. Major cities like New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia saw their populations triple or more. The document also examines the living conditions of immigrants in urban tenement housing, as well as early responses to immigration like nativism and calls for restriction.

1. Immigration and Cities
Italian immigrants in 1905

2. Immigration
• “Old” Immigrants
• “New” Immigrants
• Reasons for
Immigration
– Push
– Pull
• Process of Immigration
Immigrants disembark at Ellis Island, New York in 1911.

4. Immigration
• “Old” Immigrants
• “New” Immigrants
• Reasons for
Immigration
– Push
– Pull
• Process of Immigration
Immigrants disembark at Ellis Island, New York in 1911.

5. Urban Growth
• Growth of Cities
– US Population
• 23 Million (1860)
• 92 Million (1910)
• Internal Migration
• Lure of Cities
New York, 1905

6. City Pop. Increases
1860 1910
• New York 1,174,800 4,766,900 305%
• Chicago 109,200 2,185,300 1900%
• Philadelphia 562,500 1,549,000 300%
• St. Louis 160,800 687,000
• Boston 177,800 670,600
• Cleveland 43,400 560,600 1190%
• Baltimore 212,400 558,500
• Pittsburgh 77,900 533,900
• Detroit 45,600 465,700
• Buffalo 81,100 423,700

8. Reactions and Responses
• Desire to Assimilate
• Nativism
• Immigration Restriction
League
• American Protective
Association

9. Life in the
Cities

12. ®

14. Statue of Liberty, 1876
(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

15. John A. Roebling:
The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883

16. Dumbell Tenement

17. Tenement Slum Living

18. Immigrant Families @ work

19. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

21. Moving out of the tenements

22. William “Boss” Tweed
• Filling the void

23. Controlling the Tammany Hall
Democratic Political Machine

25. The New Urban
Working Class
• Transportation
• Pollution
• Housing
Mulberry Street in New York City about 1900.

26. Dumbell Tenement

27. Jacob Riis photograph of “Street Arabs”, children who roamed the
tenement district of New York City.

28. Beginnings of Reform
• Settlement houses
• Social Gospel born
• Temperance
• Compulsory education laws
• Colleges (remember Morrill?)

31. Mass entertainment
• Why now?
• Spectator Sports
• Vaudeville Shows
• Movies
• Amusement Parks

33. Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, c. 1907

34. Café and Vaudeville Stage - Coney Island, 1905

35. Coney Island, 1903

36. Education
• Why rise in amount of education?
– Needs of industry
– Rise of mandatory education law
• Women
• African Americans

37. The End