Nutritional disease or disorders are associated both with deficiency and excess. Affect masses rather than individuals thus to understand their epidemiology is important but it is too complex.
Vitamin A-intoduction, functions, sources, storage, WHO statistics, deficiency, treatment, prevention and control of deficiencies, Vit. A deficiency in India, assessment of Vit. A deficiency, recommended allowances, toxicity.
Nutritional disease or disorders are associated both with deficiency and excess. Affect masses rather than individuals thus to understand their epidemiology is important but it is too complex.
Vitamin A-intoduction, functions, sources, storage, WHO statistics, deficiency, treatment, prevention and control of deficiencies, Vit. A deficiency in India, assessment of Vit. A deficiency, recommended allowances, toxicity.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).
Iodine Deficiency Disorders refer to a spectrum of health consequences resulting from inadequate intake of iodine. The adverse consequences of iodine deficiency lead to a wide spectrum of problems ranging from abortion and still birth to mental and physical retardation and deafness, which collectively known as Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs).
Sustainable development goals...ak 07.07.16arijitkundu88
this is a ppt of sustainable development goals mostly i covered the part associated with medical and health part. i also tried to cover millennium development goals. I hope it will help you all.
Programa IX Congreso Internacional de Adicciones, Stgo. de Chile, mayo 2009Conace
Programa del IX Congreso Internacional de Adicciones y del III Seminario Internacional de Patología Dual, Hotel Intercontinental, Santiago de Chile, 28 y 29 de mayo de 2009.
Visión desde el Sistema Sanitario de las oportunidades que ofrece el desarrollo de iniciativas conjuntas de la Universidad, el Sistema de Salud y otros agentes, centrada en el caso de Andalucia Tech, un proyecto conjunto de las Universidades de Malaga y Sevilla, con las cuales el Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía mantiene numerosas actividades compartidas. Se reflexiona sobre los modelos de integración (triple hélice) frente a los tradicionales modelos lineales o compartimentados y el enorme potencial de los primeros, así como las dificultades para su implantacion efectiva
Alcohol Problems: A Health Promotion Approach Module GuideSaide OER Africa
The module will help you to develop an understanding of the various consequences of alcohol abuse and of the research processes used to measure this. The rest of the module will provide you with approaches to preventing alcohol problems, ranging from policy and environmental changes to educational and rehabilitation programmes. Some of the readings were chosen to illustrate the main concepts of the module using the following themes: youth, women, and foetal alcohol syndrome.
Drug & Alcohol Prevention That Works: Mentor Seminar Series 2013-14Mentor
This is a summary presentation of Mentor's inaugural event in the Seminar Series 2013-14. It gives a brief overview of key points from each speaker, and a snapshot of prevention strategies for police, public health, and communities.
Speakers:
Dave Spencer, ACPO
Pete Burkinshaw, Public Health England
Andrew Brown, Mentor's Director of Programmes
Anna Power, DrugAware
NATIONAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY PROPHYLAXIS PROGRAMMESKanikaRastogi13
this presentation is about the governmental organised national vitamin A prophylaxis programme which aims to reduce or to prevent the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency.
Micronutrient deficiencies can cause visible and dangerous health conditions, but they can also lead to less clinically notable reductions in energy level, mental clarity and overall capacity. This can lead to reduced educational outcomes, reduced work productivity and increased risk from other diseases and health conditions.
This presentation is about Malnutrition in Pediatrics; Epidemiology, Risk factors, etiology, Clinical Evaluation, plotting on Growth charts and Management are Covered.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. The cellular imbalance between
To ensure
growth, maintenance, and
specific functions
supply of nutrients
& energy
and the body's demand
for them
Malnutrition
10. Features Marasmus Kwashiorkor
Clinical Always Present
Muscle Wasting Obvious Sometimes hidden
by edema & fat
Fat wasting Severe Loss of
subcutaneous fat
Often retained but
not firm
Oedema None In lower legs ,face,
forearms.
Weight for height Very low Low but masked by
edema
Mental changes Quiet & Apathetic Irritable , moaning ,
apathetic
11. Features Marasmus Kwashiorkor
Clinical Sometimes Present
Appetite Usually good Poor
Diarrheoa Often Often
Skin changes None Flaky paint
dermatosis
Hair changes Seldom Sparse , silky ,easly
pulled out
Hepatic
enlargement
None Sometimes due to
fat accumulation
12. Features Marasmus Kwashiorkor
Biochemical Sometimes Present
Serum albumin Normal or slightly
decreased
Low
Urinary Urea per g
Creatinine
Normal or slightly
decreased
Low
Hydroxyproline
creatinine ratio
Low Low
Plasma aminoacid
ratio
Normal Elevated
13. Physical examination
• History- including detailed dietary history.
-Anthropometric measurements.
» Weight
»Length/height
»Mid upper arm circumference MUAC)
»Chest circumference
»Head circumference
»Anthropometric Measurements of
Nutritional Status
14. WEIGHT
At 5-6 month double of
birth weight
At 3 years weight 5 time
double of birth weight
At 6 years weight 6 times
double of birth weight.
15. HEIGHT
• 1 yr 72-75 cm
• 2 yrs 88-90 cm
• 4 yrs 100 cm.
22. 1. Health Promotion
1. Measures directed to pregnant & lactating
women
2. Promotion of breast feeding
3. Development of low cost weaning food
4. Measures to improve family diet
5. Nutrition education
6. Home economics
7. Family planning & spacing of births
8. Family environment
23. 2. Specific Protection
1. Child’s diet must contain protein & energy
rich foods
2. Immunization
3. Food fortification
24. 3. Early diagnosis & Treatment
1. Periodic Surveillance
2. Early diagnosis of any lag in growth
3. Early diagnosis & treatment of infections and
diarrhoea
4. Development of programmes for early
rehydration of children with diarrhoea
5. Development of supplementary nutrition
programmes during epidemics
6. Deworming of heavily infested children
28. xerophthalmia
• The term xerophthalmia was given by a joint WHO
and USAID committee in 1976 to cover all ocular
manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency in human.
- Most common in children aged 1-3 years often
related to weaning.
- Marker – serum Retinol level
- Normal – 7 micromol / litre(200 micro g/ litre)
30. Current status of VAD in India
• Clinical VAD has declined drastically during the
last 40 years.
• There has been virtual disappearance of
keratomalacia, and a sharp decline in the
prevalence of Bitot spots .
• Prevalence of Bitot spots of 0.5 per cent and
more is limited to population groups which are
socio-economically backward, poverty stricken
and have poor health infrastructure.
31. XEROPHTHALMIA
CLASSIFICATION(modified)
• XN Night blindness
• X1A Conjunctival xerosis
• X1B Bitot’s spots
• X2 Corneal xerosis
• X3A Corneal ulceration /keratomalacia affecting less
than 1/3rd corneal surface
• X3B Corneal ulceration /keratomalacia affecting more
than 1/3rd corneal surface
• XS Corneal scar due to xerophthalmia.
• XF Xerophthalmic fundus.
33. 1. Night Blindness
• First symptom
• Due to impairment in dark adaptaion
• Defective rhodopsin function.
• May get worse when there is diarrhoea or
other infection
34. 2. Conjunctival xerosis
First clinical sign
One or more patches of dry,
lustreless,nonwettable conjunctiva.
Interpalpebral conjunctiva(commonly temporal
quadrants)
Severe cases involves the entire bulbar
conjunctiva.
Desribed as ‘emerging like sand banks at
receding tide’when child ceases to cry
35. 3. Bitot’s spots
- Triangular, pearly white, yellowish foamy spots in the
bulbar conjunctiva
- Usually bilateral
- Characterised by metaplasia of conjunctival epithelium
and tangles of keratin admixed with gas forming
bacteria(corynebacterium xerosis)
- Vitamin A is essential for cell differentiation
36. 4. Corneal xerosis
- Serious stage
- Cornea become dull, dry, non-wettable
- Severe cases- ulceration leading to scars.
• Bilateral punctate corneal epithelial erosions
• Can progress to epithelial defects
• Reversible on treatment
37. 5. Keratomalacia
Liquefaction of cornea.
Medical emergency.
Rapid process.
Stromal defects occur in late stages due to
colliquative necrosis leading to corneal
ulceration ,softening (melting) and destruction
of cornea(keratomalacia)
38. Assessment of Vit A deficiency
• Prevalence criteria for determining
xerophthalmia
Criteria Prevalence in population
at risk
Nightblindness >1%
Bitot’s spots >0.5%
Corneal xerosis/corneal
ulceration/keratomalacia
>0.01%
Corneal ulcer >0.05%
Serum Retinol(<10 mcg/dl) >5%
39. Treatment
- Should be treated urgently
- early stages reversed by massive doses (2L IU)
orally on 2 successive days.
42. Medium – term action
Fortification of foods –
dalda,sugar,salt,tea,margarine
Cereal based foods
43. Long term action
Elimination of Factors contributing to ocular
diseases
Persuading people to consume dark GLVS and
other Vit A rich foods.
Promotion of breast feeding
Improvement of environmental health
Dietary diversification
44. Dietary diversification
• Cultivation of variety of staple food with a high
viatmin and mineral content.
• It holds the ability to concurrently cover multiple
micronutrient deficiencies.
• If supported with a nutrition education
programme, may be more effective in the
developing countries.
45. Sanitation & hygiene
Safe water supply
Environmental sanitation
Proper hygiene
Food safety
Regular deworming
Immunization against DPT, cholera
46. National programme for prevention of
nutritional blindness 1970
• The programme is sponsored by the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
- Beneficiaries children below 5 years.
- Objectives
Promoting consumption of Vit A rich foods
Administration of massive dose of Vit a upto 5 years
First dose of 1 L IU with measles at 9 months
Subsequent dose of 2 L IU every 6 months upto 5 years
of age
9 mega doses