This document discusses inflammatory diseases of the female sexual organs. It begins by defining pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) as an infection of the female reproductive organs that usually spreads from the vagina. It then provides details on specific inflammatory conditions like Bartholinitis, vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis and their causes, symptoms, and treatments. The document also lists and describes various sexually transmitted infections that can cause inflammation including gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, herpes, and genital warts. It concludes with diagnostic criteria and procedures for pelvic inflammatory disease.
Bartholin’s Gland
Function :
The production of mucoid secretion that lubricates the
distal end of the vagina during intercourse.
The glands become active after menarche and are non
palpable.
Bartholinitis
Causative agent:
Gonococcus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
E. coli
End result :
Complete resolution
Recurrence
Abscess
Cyst formation
Clinical features :
Local pain discomfort.
Difficulty in walking / sitting.
Examination :
Tenderness
Induration of post half of vagina.
Secretion coming out from the duct when pressed.
Treatment
Local :
Systemic:
Ampicillin 500 mg TDS
Bartholin’s Abscess
End result of acute Bartholinitis.
Clinical features:
Severe local pain and discomfort.
Difficult / painful walking and sitting.
On examination:
Unilateral tender swelling.
Oedomatous red overlying skin.
Treatment:
Rest.
Sitz bath.
Systemic antibiotic Ampicillin 500 mg.
Drainage of abscess.
Bartholin’s cyst
The content is colourless glairy liquid.
C/f :
Small cyst : usually unnoticed.
Larger cyst : Local discomfort and dyspareunia.
Examination:
Unilateral swelling on post half of labia majora.
Projection on vulval cleft into S-shape.
Overlying skin is shiny and thin.
Cyst remains non tender and fluctuant.
Treatment:
Marsupilisation.
Bartholin’s Gland
Function :
The production of mucoid secretion that lubricates the
distal end of the vagina during intercourse.
The glands become active after menarche and are non
palpable.
Bartholinitis
Causative agent:
Gonococcus
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
E. coli
End result :
Complete resolution
Recurrence
Abscess
Cyst formation
Clinical features :
Local pain discomfort.
Difficulty in walking / sitting.
Examination :
Tenderness
Induration of post half of vagina.
Secretion coming out from the duct when pressed.
Treatment
Local :
Systemic:
Ampicillin 500 mg TDS
Bartholin’s Abscess
End result of acute Bartholinitis.
Clinical features:
Severe local pain and discomfort.
Difficult / painful walking and sitting.
On examination:
Unilateral tender swelling.
Oedomatous red overlying skin.
Treatment:
Rest.
Sitz bath.
Systemic antibiotic Ampicillin 500 mg.
Drainage of abscess.
Bartholin’s cyst
The content is colourless glairy liquid.
C/f :
Small cyst : usually unnoticed.
Larger cyst : Local discomfort and dyspareunia.
Examination:
Unilateral swelling on post half of labia majora.
Projection on vulval cleft into S-shape.
Overlying skin is shiny and thin.
Cyst remains non tender and fluctuant.
Treatment:
Marsupilisation.
Explains the inflammatory process of endometrium,its causes and its two clinical variants as acute and chronic endometritis.
Describes the pathology of its two types with histologic perspective.
Amenorrhea - Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Type- Pathological and Physiol...sonal patel
Amenorrhea - Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Type- Pathological and Physiological Amenorrhea and It's Treatment and management, Cushing Syndrome - Define, Causes, Sign And Symptoms in PPT made By Sonal Patel
Cervical Erosion
Dr. Yashika
Definition
Cervical erosion is a condition where the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with endocervix.
Aetiology
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical features
Symptoms :
Vaginal discharge
Contact bleeding
Associated cervicitis
SIGNS :
Diagnosis
Ectropion
Early carcinoma
Primary Lesion (Chancre)
Tubercular ulcer
Management
Pregnancy
Pill user
Persistent ectopy
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. About 1 in every 3 women will suffer from Vaginitis at some point in her life. Vaginitis affects women of all ages, but is most common during the reproductive years.
It is often caused by infections, which are sometimes linked to more serious diseases.
The most common vaginal infections are:
-- Bacterial Vaginosis
-- Trichomin
-- Vaginal Yeast Infection
Although most vaginal infections are caused by bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or yeast, there may be other causes as well. These causes include sexually transmitted diseases, allergic reactions, and irritations.
Allergic symptoms can be caused by spermicides, vaginal hygiene products, detergents, and fabric softeners. Inflammation of the cervix (opening to the womb) from these products often is associated with abnormal vaginal discharge, but healthcare providers can tell them apart from true vaginal infections by doing lab tests.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaginitis/Pages/default.aspx
this lecture involves full, simple and easy description of cervicitis
including acute and chronic cervicitis and the major causes for it as Neisseria gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatous
also chronic infection and ectopy
Explains the inflammatory process of endometrium,its causes and its two clinical variants as acute and chronic endometritis.
Describes the pathology of its two types with histologic perspective.
Amenorrhea - Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Type- Pathological and Physiol...sonal patel
Amenorrhea - Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Type- Pathological and Physiological Amenorrhea and It's Treatment and management, Cushing Syndrome - Define, Causes, Sign And Symptoms in PPT made By Sonal Patel
Cervical Erosion
Dr. Yashika
Definition
Cervical erosion is a condition where the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with endocervix.
Aetiology
Congenital
Acquired
Clinical features
Symptoms :
Vaginal discharge
Contact bleeding
Associated cervicitis
SIGNS :
Diagnosis
Ectropion
Early carcinoma
Primary Lesion (Chancre)
Tubercular ulcer
Management
Pregnancy
Pill user
Persistent ectopy
Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina. About 1 in every 3 women will suffer from Vaginitis at some point in her life. Vaginitis affects women of all ages, but is most common during the reproductive years.
It is often caused by infections, which are sometimes linked to more serious diseases.
The most common vaginal infections are:
-- Bacterial Vaginosis
-- Trichomin
-- Vaginal Yeast Infection
Although most vaginal infections are caused by bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, or yeast, there may be other causes as well. These causes include sexually transmitted diseases, allergic reactions, and irritations.
Allergic symptoms can be caused by spermicides, vaginal hygiene products, detergents, and fabric softeners. Inflammation of the cervix (opening to the womb) from these products often is associated with abnormal vaginal discharge, but healthcare providers can tell them apart from true vaginal infections by doing lab tests.
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/vaginitis/Pages/default.aspx
this lecture involves full, simple and easy description of cervicitis
including acute and chronic cervicitis and the major causes for it as Neisseria gonorrhea and chlamydia trachomatous
also chronic infection and ectopy
Yeast infections are generally caused by an organism called Candida albicans. Natural cures are simple, less expensive, and by far the most important point, they actually work. Get few tips for avoiding this disease with ease.
http://www.yeastinfectionheal.com/
Yeast infections are generally caused by an organism called Candida albicans. Natural cures are simple, less expensive, and by far the most important point, they actually work. Get few tips for avoiding this disease with ease.
http://www.yeastinfectionheal.com/
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Pelvic inflammatory disease
1. Department of obstetrics and gynecology
Head of the department : L. Markin, MD, Dr. of Med. Sc.,
Prof.
Name : mahmoud abbass alawny
Course : 4th
Group : 7th
Topic : INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE FEMALE
SEXUAL ORGANS
2. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS ( Pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID) )
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of
the female reproductive organs. It usually occurs when
sexually transmitted bacteria spread from vagina to
uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries.
Normal vaginal microflora contains: Lactobacillus
(70-90%), Staphylococcus epidermalis (30-60%),
diphteroids (30-60%), Hemolytic Streptococci (10-
20%), nonhaemolytic streptococci (5-30%),
Escherichia coli (20-25%), Bacteroides (5-15%),
Peptococcus (10-60%), Peptostreptococcus (10-40%),
Clostridium (5-15%).
3. Common Signs and Symptoms of
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pain in lower abdomen and pelvis
Heavy vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor
Abnormal uterine bleeding, especially during or after
intercourse, or between menstrual cycles
Pain or bleeding during intercourse
Fever, sometimes with chills
Painful or difficult urination
4. Bartholinitis
is inflammation of one or both of the two Bartholin's glands,
which are located one on either side of the opening of the
vagina, behind the labia (lips). The inflammation is
sometimes due to germs picked up during sex, but in many
cases the inflammation is not sexually transmitted
Causes : Staphylococci , Streptoccci , Coliforms ,
gonococcus
Symptoms : pain and soreness in the region of one of the
labia minora , swelling in the same area , possibly a
slight discharge
Treatment & Management : antibiotics should be started
immediately prior to incision and drainage.
Drugs : lidocaine 2% ointment , ceftriaxone ,
5. Vulvovaginitis
is a general term referring to many types of vaginal infection,
although we will talk on the following disorders, which affect the
vulvar region: Vulvovaginal candidiasis, Atrophic vaginitis, Vulvar
vestibulitis, Contact dermatitis .
Signs and symptoms : Vulvar pruritus and burning , Erythema
and edema of the vestibule and of the labia majora and minora ,
Irritation and pain , discharge .
Treatment & Management :
Vulvovaginal candidiasis : Butoconazole , Hydrocortisone topical
Atrophic vaginitis : topical vaginal estrogen for 1-2 weeks
Vulvar vestibulitis: no specific cure is available
Contact dermatitis : Hydrocortisone (0.5-1%) and fluorinated
corticosteroids in lotions or creams .
6. Cervicitis
Cervicitis is an inflammation of the uterine cervix,
characteristically diagnosed by: (1) a visible, purulent or
mucopurulent endocervical exudate in the endocervical
canal or on an endocervical swab specimen and/or
(2) sustained
Signs and symptoms : Dyspareunia, discharge, bleeding,
burning, itching, odor, pelvic pain .
Treatment & Management :
Ceftriaxone
Acyclovir
Topical Podofilox
Topical Tinidazole
7. Endometritis
Endometritis is inflammation of the endometrial lining of
the uterus. In addition to the endometrium, inflammation
may involve the myometrium and, occasionally, the
parametrium.
Signs and symptoms : Fever, uterine tenderness, abdominal
pain, leukocytosis
Treatment & Management : antibiotic therapy
A combination of Ampicillin and Aminoglycoside .
A combination of Clindamycin with Gentamicin
or Metronidasol with Unasyn .
In some cases uterine curettage is performed after
temperature normalization.
8. SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
According to the WHO’s classification, there are 21 such
diseases.
Classic venereal diseases
Nosology Microorganism
1. Syphilis Treponema pallidum
2. Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3. Chancroid Hemophilus ducrei
4. Lymphogranuloma venereum Chlamydia trachomatis
5. granuloma inguinale Callimmantobacterium granulomatis
3,4,5 are mostly in tropic countries
9. Nosology Microorganism
A — that affect mostly genital tract
1. Syphilis Treponema pallidum
1. Urogenital chlamydiasis Chlamydia trachomatis
2. Urogenital trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis
3. Urogenital mycoplasmosis Mykoplasma hominis
4. Candidosis vulvovaginitis Candida albicans
5. Genital herpes Herpes simplex virus
6. Genital warts Papillomavirus hominis
7. Molluscum contagiosum Molluscovirus hominis
8. Bacterial vaginosis Gardnerella vaginalis та iншi збудники
9. Urogenital shigellosis of homosexualists Shigella species
10. Pediculosis pubis Phthyrus pubis
11. Scabies Sarcoptes scabiei
B — With mostly affection of other organs
1. Infection, caused by HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
2. Hepatitis B Hepatitis B virus
3. Cytomegalovirus infection Cytomegalovirus hominis
4. Amebiasis Entamoeba hystolytica
5. Lambliosis Giardia lamblia
10. Gonorrhea
is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the
bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Many of those infected
have no symptoms. Incubational period lasts for 2-14 days,
Clinic forms of gonorrhea depends on the localization of the
process : Gonococcal urethritis, Bartholinitis,
endocervicitis, proctitis, endometritis, salpingitis,
pelvioperitonitis,
Signs and symptoms : in men burning with urination,
discharge from the penis, or testicular pain
in women : vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain,
or pain with sexual intercourse
Treatment & Management : Antibiotics such as
Ciprofloxacin, Doxycyclin, Trobicyn, Cephtriaxon, Afloxacin
in combination with Metronidazol, Tiberal, Naxogyn should
be prescribed.
11. Urogenital trichomoniasis
is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the motile
parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. most often spread
through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. About 70% of women and
men do not have symptoms when infected.
Signs and symptoms : pain, burning or itching in the penis,
urethra , or vagina, increased during intercourse and
urination. a yellow-green, itchy, frothy, foul-smelling vaginal
discharge .
Treatment & Management :
Antiprotozoal agents : Metronidazole (Flagyl) Single-dose
therapy with 2 g orally and 500 mg twice daily for 7 days.
or Tinidazole (Tindamax) single oral 2-g dose taken with
food and 150 mg twice daily for 7 days.
12. Urogenital chlamydiosis
Is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis. Approximately 50% of infected males
and 80% of infected females are asymptomatic.
Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex,
and can be passed from an infected mother to baby
during childbirth. The eye infections may also be spread by
personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas
with poor sanitation.
Signs and symptoms : None, vaginal discharge, Yellow
discharge from the penis, burning with urination, Fever .
Treatment & Management :
Antibiotics : Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, or Azithromycin
13. Urogenital mycoplasmosis
The Microbal agents are Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma
genitaloum, Ureaplasma urealiticum. Is transmitted sexually
and they are highly spread among the population. can occur
in acute and chronic form, and has no symptoms .
The agents may be activated under the influence of
menstruation, oral contraceptives, pregnancy, delivery.
Treatment & Management :
oral tetracycline for 7 days
Clindamycin or Clarithromycin is an alternative treatment
for tetracycline-resistant M hominis
14. Herpesvirus infection
Is caused by Herpes simplex virus, mostly of the second type
(HSV-2). Source of the infection are infected persons and
carriers. It can be transmitted during urogenital contact. The
virus is located mostly in mucos membranes of urogenital
tract in men and cervical canal in women . The incubation
period is 3-7 days.
Signs and symptoms : High temperature (102-104°F),
Anorexia, fever, headache, malaise, and myalgia, Local
symptoms include pain, itching, dysuria, vaginal and
urethral discharge, and tender lymphadenopathy.
Herpetic vesicles appear on the external genitalia, labia majora,
labia minora, vaginal vestibule, and introitus.
Treatment & Management : Penciclovir 0.1% apply q2hr
while awake for 4 days
15. Condyloma acuminata
an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic
human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 types,
Signs and symptoms : Eruptions may appear pearly, filiform,
fungating, cauliflower, or plaquelike. They can be smooth,
verrucous, or lobulated.
difficulties at walking, intercourse, During pregnancy and
delivery they can cause bleeding.
Treatment & Management : If genital warts are large, laser
vaporization is performed.
Podophyllum resin : 25% for 1-4 hr depending on condition of
lesion .
Interferon alfa-n3 : 250,000 million unit/mL per wart
intralesional inj 2 times/week up to 8 weeks
Kunecatechins ; 15% Apply topically q8hr
16. Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease Workup
is often based on clinical criteria, with or without additional
laboratory and imaging evidence.
Procedures :
Laparoscopic confirmation
Transvaginal ultrasonographic scanning or magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) showing thickened, fluid-filled
tubes with or without free pelvic fluid or tubo-ovarian
abscess (TOA)
Endometrial biopsy showing endometritis.
17. Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease Workup
criteria that improve diagnostic specificity include the
following:
Oral temperature higher than 38.3° C (101° F)
Abnormal cervical or vaginal mucopurulent discharge
Abundant white blood cells (WBCs) on saline microscopy of
vaginal secretions
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (≥40 mm/h)
Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level (≥ 60 mg/L)
Laboratory evidence of infection obtaining a sample from
patient