Peer to peer applications
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Peer to Peer Applications provide great scalability when the number of Clients increases. Presentation provides the overview of Peer to Peer application scalability
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Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with acceptable
accuracy. For most applications, a system must guarantee that the data received are
identical to the data transmitted. Any time data are transmitted from one node to the
next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter one or more bits of
a message. Some applications require a mechanism for detecting and correcting errors.
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a very high level of accuracy.
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corrected before it continues its journey to other nodes. However, most link-layer protocols
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of the frame. Some multimedia applications, however, try to correct the corrupted frame.
This chapter is divided into five sections.
❑ The first section introduces types of errors, the concept of redundancy, and distinguishes
between error detection and correction.
❑ The second section discusses block coding. It shows how error can be detected
using block coding and also introduces the concept of Hamming distance.
❑ The third section discusses cyclic codes. It discusses a subset of cyclic code, CRC,
that is very common in the data-link layer. The section shows how CRC can be
easily implemented in hardware and represented by polynomials.
❑ The fourth section discusses checksums. It shows how a checksum is calculated for
a set of data words. It also gives some other approaches to traditional checksum.
❑ The fifth section discusses forward error correction. It shows how Hamming distance
can also be used for this purpose. The section also describes cheaper methods
to achieve the same goal, such as XORing of packets, interleaving chunks, or
compounding high and low resolutions packets.
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This document discusses the use and copyright of slides from the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach" by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross. It states that the slides are being made freely available for educational use provided that the source is cited and the copyright is acknowledged if posted online. The document asks users to mention the source of the slides if used in a class and to note the authors' copyright if posted on a website.
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The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
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The document discusses Halstead's software science measures for analyzing programs. It defines key metrics like program vocabulary, length, volume, difficulty level, and effort required. These metrics are calculated based on the number of unique operators and operands in a program. Formulas are provided to estimate values of length, volume, level and effort based on operator and operand counts. An example C program is analyzed to demonstrate calculating these metrics.
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This document discusses the stop-and-wait protocol. It provides flow control by allowing only one frame to be transmitted at a time before waiting for an acknowledgment. However, it does not provide error control. The key aspects are:
1. It is used for unidirectional data transmission over noiseless channels.
2. It only allows one frame to be transmitted at a time before waiting for an acknowledgment, providing flow control but no error control.
3. A disadvantage is that if a frame is lost or corrupted, both the sender and receiver will be stuck indefinitely waiting.
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Layer between OS and distributed applications,Hides complexity and heterogeneity of distributed system ,Bridges gap between low-level OS communications and programming language abstractions,Provides common programming abstraction and infrastructure for distributed applications.
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Client_Server_Network.pdf
Client-server describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one
program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server, which
fulfills the request. Although the client/server idea can be used by programs within a
single computer, it is a more important idea in a network.
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COMPUTER NW2 (1).pptx
This document discusses principles of network applications. It describes how network applications involve programs running on different end systems that communicate over a network. It provides examples of the browser and web server communicating in a web application, and programs sharing files in a P2P system. The document outlines that when developing a new application, software must be written to run on multiple end systems, and can be written in languages like C, Java or Python. It also describes processes communicating by exchanging messages, and different network application architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer.
Www and http
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a distributed system that allows clients using browsers to access and view web pages from servers located around the world. Web pages can contain links to other pages within the same site or other sites. A uniform resource locator (URL) specifies the protocol, host computer, port, and path needed to locate and access a specific web page. Web pages can be static, dynamic, or active depending on when their content is determined.
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This document discusses an application layer chapter that covers key concepts like the client-server and peer-to-peer paradigms, application layer protocols, and transport layer services. It specifically focuses on HTTP as the main application layer protocol for the web, describing its request and response message formats, use of TCP for reliable data transfer, and differences between non-persistent and persistent connections.
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Proxy servers act as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. There are different types of proxy servers including cache proxies that speed up access and web proxies that allow users to connect to servers and access the internet. Proxy servers aim to provide privacy by hiding clients' IP addresses and allow access around content blocks. FTP and HTTP are protocols for transferring files and web pages respectively using the client-server model, with FTP using separate control and data connections and HTTP using request and response messages. Proxy servers can also be used with FTP and HTTP to add capabilities like caching, authentication, and traffic monitoring.
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The lowest layer of the OSI Model is concerned with electrically or optically transmitting raw unstructured data bits across the network from the physical layer of the sending device to the physical layer of the receiving device. It can include specifications such as voltages, pin layout, cabling, and radio frequencies. At the physical layer, one might find “physical” resources such as network hubs, cabling, repeaters, network adapters or modems.
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Session Layer
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Presentation Layer
The presentation layer formats or translates data for the application layer based on the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption required by the application layer.
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CSS 12 - Q1 - Lesson1.pptx
This document discusses client-server networking. It defines a client-server network as using both client hardware devices and servers, each with specific functions. A client initiates requests for services from a server, which provides the requested function or service. The main advantage of the client-server model is central management of applications and data from a single server, improving security, backups, and sharing of resources for multiple users.
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The document discusses the World Wide Web and HTTP protocol. It provides details on:
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The document discusses client-server systems and architectures. It defines a client-server system as a software architecture consisting of clients that send requests and servers that respond. There are benefits to splitting processing across machines and easier sharing of resources. Examples of applications using the client-server model include file transfer, mail transfer using SMTP, and web browsing using HTTP. The document describes the 2-tier architecture with clients connecting directly to databases and the 3-tier architecture involving separate client, application, and database servers.
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This document discusses socket programming using a client-server model. It defines key terms like socket, client, and server. The client makes requests to the server, which has large amounts of data and resources. Communication occurs via sockets, which are endpoints for two-way communication between programs. The document explains the principles of socket communication, including how clients and servers create and connect sockets to transfer data over protocols like TCP and UDP. TCP provides reliable data streams while UDP sends independent data packets with no guarantees. Ports are used to map incoming data to processes.
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Peer to peer applications
- 1. Peer to Peer Applications Scalability Rajkumar D
- 2. What is Peer to Peer Applications ? Client Server Applications -Most traditional applications are client server. Host machine which sends the first request is generally the client and the machine which is listening for the connection and responds to the request is the server. For example HTTP browser requesting for a website is the client and the server which responds to the request is the Server. Peer to Peer Application – Every host machine with Peer to Peer application installed is both a server and a client. Depending on the ability of peer to peer application it will open up new computing and bandwidth sharing across different Peers.
- 3. Client Server Application Bottleneck serv er 1 Gbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps With Increase in Clients PC’s , Server Link ( S bandwidth) becomes the bottleneck. If there are N clients downloading file size of F. Then NF/S is the max speed
- 4. Peer to Peer Applications Scalability serv er 1 Gbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps With Peer to Peer Application each peer is both a server and Client. Hence with increase in number of Clients Server link is not bottleneck . If there are N clients and each client has the upload bandwidth of C. Then F/C is the max speed
- 5. Scalability of Peer to Peer Application – Client Server Model Download Speed Client Download Speed = D(I) Server Upload Speed = U Total Number of Systems Download at time t = N Size of File to be downloaded = F Transfer rate at Server Link = N * F /U Access speed at Client = F/D(I) Download rate will be max of (NF/U, F/D(I))
- 6. Scalability of Peer to Peer Applications – Peer to Peer model Client Download Speed = D(I) Server Upload Speed = U Total Number of Systems Download at time t = N Size of File to be downloaded = F Total Upload Capacity = Upload capacity of all clients = Upload-time = U(1) + U(2) + U(3) + ….+ U(I) Access speed at Client = F/D(I) At the beginning only the server has the file so it will have to send the file to the community at least once on the access link F/U(S) Download rate will be max of (F/Upload-time, F/D(I), F/U(S))
- 7. Client Server and Peer to Peer Application download time 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 Mb file Download Times 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Time -Client server Time Peer -Peer Above graph shows the Download time of client for a File size of 1 Mb and server side bandwidth of 1 Gps and Client download speed of 1 Mbps. As number of clients increases download speed goes up. In the Client Server model as number of Clients accessing the file increases , Performance of the Server goes down and download speed decreases for the clients.
- 8. Peer to Peer Applications - Example Popular Peer to Peer Applications are Bit Torrent Emule Gnutella Limewire KaZaA