This document discusses the stop-and-wait protocol. It provides flow control by allowing only one frame to be transmitted at a time before waiting for an acknowledgment. However, it does not provide error control. The key aspects are:
1. It is used for unidirectional data transmission over noiseless channels.
2. It only allows one frame to be transmitted at a time before waiting for an acknowledgment, providing flow control but no error control.
3. A disadvantage is that if a frame is lost or corrupted, both the sender and receiver will be stuck indefinitely waiting.
Error Detection and correction concepts in Data communication and networksNt Arvind
single bit , burst error detection and correction in data communication networks , block coding ( hamming code , simple parity check code , Cyclic redundancy check-CRC , checksum , internet checksum etc
Error Detection and correction concepts in Data communication and networksNt Arvind
single bit , burst error detection and correction in data communication networks , block coding ( hamming code , simple parity check code , Cyclic redundancy check-CRC , checksum , internet checksum etc
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Point to point protocol | PPP - Nitish JadiaNitish Jadia
This slide covers point to point protocol and takes most of the points straight from the RFC. This slide covers in-depth flags and headers used in PPP.
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Network layer - design Issues ,Store-and-Forward Packet Switching, Services Provided to the Transport Layer, Which service is the best , Implementation of Service , Implementation of Connectionless Service , Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
Point to point protocol | PPP - Nitish JadiaNitish Jadia
This slide covers point to point protocol and takes most of the points straight from the RFC. This slide covers in-depth flags and headers used in PPP.
In this tutorial on Stop and Wait Protocol Explained, we will understand the importance of applying the protocol in the networking channels. We will also look into steps involved in the working of the protocol.
Topics covered in this tutorial on Stop and Wait Protocol Explained are:
1. Introduction to the protocol
2. Steps involved in the protocol
3. Working of the protocol
4. Drawbacks of stop and wait protocol
To transmit the data from one node to another, data link layer combines framing, flow control & error control schemes.
We divide the discussion protocols into those that can be used for noiseless(error free) channels and those that can be used for noisy (error creating) channels.
Deadlocks-An Unconditional Waiting Situation in Operating System. We must make sure of This concept well before understanding deep in to Operating System. This PPT will understands you to get how the deadlocks Occur and how can we Detect, avoid and Prevent the deadlocks in Operating Systems.
Transaction management and concurrency is an action or series of actions. It is performed by a single user to perform operations for accessing the contents of the database.
This is the Information related to Economic growth in this pandemic situation. Especially it was related to MBA people who are willing to Earn in digital Platforms.
A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a neural-control interface (NCI), mind-machine interface (MMI), direct neural interface (DNI), or brain-machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCI differs from neuromodulation in that it allows for bidirectional information flow. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.[1]
Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA.[2][3] The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature.
Due to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.[4] Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s.
During the 1980s, most digital forensic investigations consisted of "live analysis", examining digital media directly using non-specialist tools. In the 1990s, several freeware and other proprietary tools (both hardware and software) were created to allow investigations to take place without modifying media. This first set of tools mainly focused on computer forensics, although in recent years similar tools have evolved for the field of mobile device forensics.[1] This list includes notable examples of digital forensic tools.
Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing, formerly known as BackTrack.[2]
Parrot Security OS is a cloud-oriented GNU/Linux distribution based on Debian and designed to perform security and penetration tests, do forensic analysis, or act in anonymity. It uses the MATE Desktop Environment, Linux Kernel 4.6 or higher and it is available as a live lightweight installable ISO image for 32-bit, 64-bit and ARM processors with forensic options at boot, optimizations for programmers, and new custom pentesting tools
Machine learning (ML) is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform a specific task without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns and inference instead. It is seen as a subset of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model based on sample data, known as "training data", in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform the task.[1][2]:2 Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of applications, such as email filtering and computer vision, where it is difficult or infeasible to develop a conventional algorithm for effectively performing the task.
Machine learning is closely related to computational statistics, which focuses on making predictions using computers. The study of mathematical optimization delivers methods, theory and application domains to the field of machine learning. Data mining is a field of study within machine learning, and focuses on exploratory data analysis through unsupervised learning.[3][4] In its application across business problems, machine learning is also referred to as predictive analytics.
Delivering connectivity from balloons flying 20 km up in the stratosphere poses a unique set of engineering challenges. To expand connectivity to unserved and underserved areas around the world, Loon combines advancements in materials science, atmospheric modeling, machine learning, communications systems, and more.
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld gaming console. Many experts believe that the future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G networks. Mobile technology has different meanings in different aspects, mainly mobile technology in information technology and mobile technology in basketball technology. Mainly based on the wireless technology of wireless devices (including laptops, tablets, tablets, mobile phones, etc.) equipment information technology integration.
he integration of information technology and communication technology is bringing great changes to our social life. Mobile technology and the Internet have become the main driving forces for the development of information and communication technologies. Through the use of high-coverage mobile communication networks, high-speed wireless networks, and various types of mobile information terminals, the use of mobile technologies has opened up a vast space for mobile interaction. And has become a popular and popular way of living and working. Due to the attractiveness of mobile interaction and the rapid development of new technologies, mobile information terminals and wireless networks will be no less than the scale and impact of computers and networks in the future. The development of mobile government and mobile commerce has provided new opportunities for further improving the level of city management, improving the level and efficiency of public services, and building a more responsive, efficient, transparent, and responsible government. It also helps to bridge the digital divide and provide citizens with universal Service, agile service. The integration and development of information and communication technology has spurred the formation of an information society and a knowledge society, and has also led to a user-oriented innovation oriented to a knowledge society, a user-centered society, a stage of social practice, and a feature of mass innovation, joint innovation, and open innovation. Shape, innovation 2.0 mode is gradually emerging to the attention of the scientific community and society.
Blue Eyes is a technology conducted by the research team of IBM at its Almaden Research Center (ARC) in San Jose, California since 1997. Blue eyes technology makes a computer to understand and sense human feelings and behavior and also enables the computer to react according to the sensed emotional levels. The aim of the blue eyes technology is to give human power or abilities to a computer, so that the machine can naturally interact with human beings as we interact with each other. All human beings have some perceptual capabilities, the ability to understand each other’s emotional level or feelings from their facial expressions. Blue eyes technology aims at creating a computer that have the abilities to understand the perceptual powers of human being by recognizing their facial expressions and react accordingly to them.
Imagine, a beautiful world, where humans collaborate with computers!! .The computer can talk, listen or screech aloud!! .With the help of speech recognition and facial recognition systems, computers gathers information from the users and starts interacting with them according to their mood variations. Computer recognizes your emotional levels by a simple touch on the mouse and it can interact with us as an intimate partner. The machine feels your presence; verifies your identity and starts interacting with you and even it will dial and call to your home at any urgent situations. This all is happening with this “Blue Eyes” technology.
The biometric is a technology of measuring, science and it analyze the biological data. In the modern communications approximately it has accessible electronically, users of computer technology, it has increment in electronic services and with the security system. It improves in the election system with the help of new technologies in voting process. The information about election data is stored, recorded and processed the above information as a digital information. In olden days the information security is with the help of military and instructions of the government. The human body characteristic like DNA, fingerprints, voice patterns and hand measurements is used for authentication purpose. The e-services and information security are making sure that data, communication, have the security and privacy enable.
Tizen is a Linux-based mobile operating system backed by the Linux Foundation but developed and used primarily by Samsung Electronics.
The project was originally conceived as an HTML5-based platform for mobile devices to succeed MeeGo. Samsung merged its previous Linux-based OS effort, Bada, into Tizen, and has since used it primarily on platforms such as wearable devices and smart TVs.
Much of Tizen is open source software, although the software development kit contains proprietary components owned by Samsung, and portions of the OS are licensed under the Flora License, a derivative of the Apache License 2.0 that only grants a patent license to "Tizen certified platforms".
Combating cyber security through forensic investigation toolsVenkata Sreeram
cyber security's important because it encompasses everything that pertains to protecting our sensitive data, personally identifiable information (PII), protected health information (PHI), personal information, intellectual property, data, and governmental and industry information systems from theft and damage attempted by criminals and adversaries.
Cyber security risk is increasing, driven by global connectivity and usage of cloud services, like Amazon Web Services, to store sensitive data and personal information. Widespread poor configuration of cloud services paired with increasingly sophisticated cyber criminals means the risk that your organization suffers from a successful cyber attack or data breach is on the rise.
Gone are the days of simple firewalls and antivirus software being your sole security measures. Business leaders can no longer leave information security to cyber security professionals.
Today out of 7 billion people only 2.7 billion are accessing internet around the world. In order to survive, they
cannot think that there is no internet because it is inevitable part of their life, where everyone and everything is connected to
the internet. To achieve this goal, Communication is one of the main objectives. They have made continuous efforts
themselves, and now efforts have been made in heaven or address as the number of users accessing the internet continuously.
Internet is growing day by day, and at the same time the Facebook took an initiative called AQUILA as the solar powered
drones. This focuses on the mechanism that drone is to provide the amount of the previous internet services available. The
project is managed by Facebook and internet.org as Aquila (The Solar Powered Drone). The idea is to provide internet
service to areas of the world where people less or no access to the internet. This method of online services through an
extensive drone, which has a wingspan of a Boeing 737 wing with less weight than a car. This will operate at the height of
60,000 to 90,000 ft. in the air, and can run for three months with the internet speeds of 10 gigabits per second.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
2. Stop & Wait Protocol
Learning Agenda for this Seminar
1
2
3
Understanding the working of
simple stop-and-wait Protocol
Understanding the problems
with stop-and-wait Protocol
And some other concepts too...
3. Types of Protocols
Noiseless Channels Noisy Channels
Simplest
Stop and Wait
Selective Repeat ARQ
Go-Back-N ARQ
Stop and wait ARQ
4. Stop and wait Protocol is data link
layer protocol for transmission of
frames over noiseless channels.
It provides Undirectional data
Transmission with flow control
facilities. but, without wrror control
facilities.
The idea of stop-and-wait protocol
is straight protocol.
After Transmitting one frame , the
sender waits for an
Acknowledgement before
transmiting the next frame.
Stop & wait
5. Primitives of stop-and-wait Protocol
Send one
Data Packet
at a Time
1
Send the next
packet only
after receiving
ACK from the
Previous
2
Receive and
consume
Data Packet
1
After
consuming
packets, ACK
need to be sent
( Flow Control )
2
Sender Side Receiver Side
Rules for Transmission the Data
6. www.venkatasreeram.live
Protocol
The sender has to wait for the
Acknowledgement from the receiver
before sending another Data.
At a time only one Data Packet have
to be shared from the Sender
7. Problems
Suddenly, if the data has broken
during the Passing, the Receiver
was not able to receive the data.
The Receiver was in WAIT situation
& has been waiting for the Data at
infinite time
The sender was in STOP situation,
since the sender doesn't received
any acknowledgement from the
receiver.
So, If any Data broken - that might
be a big problem in this Protocol Disadvantages
8.
9. It is a data-link layer protocol which is used for
transmitting the data over the noiseless
channels. It provides unidirectional data
transmission which means that either sending
or receiving of data will take place at a time. It
provides flow-control mechanism but does
not provide any error control mechanism.
stop-and-wait