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The document discusses photonic crystals and photonic crystal lasers. Photonic crystals are nanostructures that affect photon propagation through periodic dielectric materials, similarly to how semiconductor crystals affect electron motion. Photonic crystals allow control over photon flow and material properties. Photonic crystal lasers have been designed with quantum dots in the active region and patterned waveguides. They offer ultralow thresholds, high quality factors, and flexibility. However, their output power is currently on the microwatt scale. Potential applications include single-photon sources for quantum information and low-power spectroscopy sources.
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The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It introduces common refrigeration cycles like vapor compression, vapor absorption and discusses their basic components and working. It then discusses different refrigeration systems like air refrigeration systems, their merits and demerits. It provides examples to calculate cooling capacity, COP and other performance parameters of refrigeration cycles.
An Introduction to Crystallography
This document provides an introduction to crystallography. It defines crystallography as the study of crystals, which are solid substances with regular internal structures bounded by flat planar faces. The document outlines the key elements of crystals, including crystallographic axes, axial angles, crystal systems, symmetry elements, Miller indices, and habits. It also briefly discusses atomic structure, chemical bonding, and polymorphism as relevant concepts in crystallography.
Crystal structure of metal
The document discusses the structure of crystalline solids. It explains that crystalline materials have orderly repeating atomic patterns extending in three dimensions, which gives rise to different crystal structures like FCC, BCC, and HCP. The crystal structure determines properties and affects whether a material is isotropic or anisotropic. Polycrystalline materials tend to have isotropic properties while single crystals are anisotropic.
Crystal structure
This is very basics of crystal structure ..with so many figures of examples...so that u will get proper idea about the crystal structure....thank u..
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The document discusses different types of crystal structures including simple cubic (SC), body centered cubic (BCC), and face centered cubic (FCC). It defines key terms like unit cell, lattice points, coordination number, and atomic packing factor. SC has a coordination number of 6 and atomic packing factor of 52%. BCC has a coordination number of 8 and packing factor of 68%. FCC has a coordination number of 12 and packing factor of 74%.
X ray diff lecture 3
The document discusses X-ray diffraction and crystallography. It begins by providing background on the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895. It then describes how X-rays are produced and their properties, including their short wavelength and ability to penetrate materials. A key section explains how X-ray diffraction occurs when crystals act as diffraction gratings for X-rays due to their periodic structure. Bragg's law is also summarized, relating the diffraction condition to the wavelength and angle of the X-rays scattering from the crystal lattice planes. The document overall provides an introduction to X-ray diffraction techniques used to study crystal structures.
X ray diffraction
It helps for the undergraduate and post graduate students of pharmacy and ayurveda to know the basics and application of the xrd.
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Photonic Materials
Photonic materials manipulate photons to achieve certain functions. Photonic crystals are a type of photonic material that displays unusual properties in interacting with light due to a periodic modulation of refractive index. They can trap light in cavities and waveguides by creating photonic band gaps that prevent light from propagating in certain directions. Potential applications of photonic crystals include photonic integrated circuits, lasers, sensors, and replacing conventional optical fibers.
GEOMETRY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW INDEX SILICON MICRO RING RESONATORS
An optical ring resonator is indeed a series of waveguides in which a closed loop coupled with some sort of input and output of light is at least one. The consequence of the index difference on dielectric waveguide characteristics such as single-mode process, losses, efficiency of fiber to waveguide coupling, minimum bending radius, hybridity mode, birefringence, polarization effects, repeatability and stability, integration
size, realizable circuits, technical constraints and usable materials is indeed very significant for study. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of the features of the waveguide with regard to the index correlation and to explore the difficulties. This article assesses the effect of the intensity index on the characteristics of the dielectric waveguide, such as the single-mode device, losses, technical constraints and materials available. This work is an approximation for the design of optical waveguides, so that by lowering the silicon index, we can achieve versatility
Nantenna
The document discusses nantennas, which are nanoscopic antennas that can convert solar radiation into electricity. Nantennas address many limitations of traditional photovoltaic cells. They work by absorbing electromagnetic waves from solar radiation and thermal earth radiation. This induces an alternating current in the nantenna, which is then rectified into direct current using a diode. Nantennas show promise for applications like self-charging batteries and could be mass produced inexpensively using roll-to-roll manufacturing. Future research aims to improve rectifier efficiency and upscale the technology for widespread use.
Organic solar cells probed in situ
Combined X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence allows researchers to optimize the performance of
multi-layered, post-fabricated organic photovoltaic devices doped with gold nanoparticles.
11.electronic properties of nanostructured quantum dots
This document analyzes the electronic properties of quantum dots through simulation. It discusses how quantum dots confine the movement of electrons in three dimensions, giving them discrete energy levels similar to atoms. The size and shape of quantum dots can be engineered to control their optical and electronic properties. Simulation results showed that quantum dot characteristics were equivalent for different nanostructures under the same boundary conditions. In conclusion, the document examines how quantum dots can be used in applications like lasers, sensors, and quantum computing.
Electronic properties of nanostructured quantum dots
1. The document discusses electronic properties of nanostructured quantum dots, specifically analyzing their properties through simulation results.
2. Quantum dots confine the motion of electrons in all three dimensions, giving them discrete energy levels similar to atoms. Their small size means quantum effects are prominent.
3. The simulations show that the optical and electronic characteristics of different quantum dot nanostructures are similar for a given boundary condition.
Applications of Nanomaterials.pdf
The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak
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Introduction to Quantum Computing by humaira.pptx
**Title: Introduction to Quantum Computing**
**Description:**
Dive into the fascinating world of quantum computing with our comprehensive introductory presentation. Designed for both beginners and those with a basic understanding of traditional computing, this slide deck covers the fundamental concepts and potential applications of quantum computing. Key topics include:
- The principles of quantum mechanics that underlie quantum computing
- Differences between classical and quantum computers
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- Quantum gates and quantum circuits
- Real-world applications and the future of quantum technology
Whether you're a student, a tech enthusiast, or a professional looking to expand your knowledge, this presentation will provide you with a solid foundation in quantum computing. Get ready to explore the next frontier in technology!
Physics nanophotonics
This document discusses nanophotonics and its applications. It begins by defining nanophotonics as the study of light behavior on the nanometer scale, including interactions between light and particles. It then discusses several nanophotonics technologies like near-field scanning optical microscopy and surface plasmon optics. The document also outlines several advantages of nanophotonics, such as enabling enormous data transmission rates and high optical memory storage density. It concludes by discussing some applications of nanophotonics like NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) devices that integrate electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale.
What is Cathodoluminescence? - DELMIC
In cathodoluminescence imaging, an electron beam is used to excite nanostructures and the cathodoluminescence detector is subsequently used to detect the produced light.
Cathodoluminescence emission can be used to explore many fundamental properties of matter. It can be used to study light transport, scattering, electronic structure of a material, resonant phenomena and much more. It thus presents a valuable source of information for fundamental research as well as applied research with a direct link to industry.
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Quantum dot laser
Quantum dot laser is a semiconductor laser that uses quantum dots as the active laser medium in its light emitting region
Back_contacted_hybrid_organic_inorganic_perovskite_solar_cells.pptx
This document summarizes a research paper on back-contacted perovskite solar cells with quasi-interdigitated electrodes (QIDEs). Key findings include:
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2) Photocurrent collection was found to be inhomogeneous and most efficient near the interface between charge selective layers, suggesting smaller QIDE gaps could improve collection.
3) The maximum power conversion efficiency achieved was over 6.0%.
Nanoantenna
This document provides an overview of optical nano antennas. It begins by defining nano antennas and their role in transmitting and receiving optical signals at the nanoscale. Next, it discusses the characteristics of metallic and dielectric nano antennas, including their directivity, radiation efficiency, gain, and ability to enhance localized electric fields. Applications mentioned include medicine, photovoltaics, spectroscopy, and near-field microscopy. The document concludes by introducing seebeck nano antennas for solar energy harvesting and discusses limitations of current photovoltaic technology.
PhD_Projects_Portfolio
This document describes Mandar Deshpande's PhD projects at UIC, including the design and development of an optically powered microactuator for use in a retinal implant. The microactuator was designed to integrate a micro-solar cell and piezoelectric thin film on a silicon chip in order to be powered by very low light levels at frequencies around 50 Hz. Fabrication involved developing processes to combine the silicon solar cell and piezoelectric actuator layers while addressing conflicts from high temperature steps. Testing demonstrated the working microactuator under illumination. Other projects included measuring piezoelectric thin film properties, fabricating a compliant MEMS manipulator, and designing a comb-drive based Coriolis flow sensor.
Photonics Metamaterials
This document discusses the fundamentals of photonic crystals and metamaterials. It defines photonic crystals as periodic optical nanostructures that affect photon motion similarly to how semiconductors affect electrons. Photonic crystals exhibit photonic band gaps where certain wavelengths of light are forbidden to propagate. Metamaterials are designed to interact with optical frequencies and contain nano-resonators that can produce negative permeability at optical frequencies. Challenges in constructing photonic materials at near-infrared and visible wavelengths involve nanoscale fabrication and resonance saturation.
Resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantilever
The normal frequency of smart beams was originated utilizing FEM [Ansys and Comsol] code for first five modes by varying the position of actuator from the fixed end of the structure, and it has a suitable arrangement with analytically found the standard frequency. This paper includes learning a resonance frequency analysis of laser optical fiber based on microcantilever of designing magnetic actuator using Ansys and Comsol simulation. The design of optical fiber includes Nickel cantilever, two magnets and one coil that apply to force on the cantilever. After the current flows in the coil domain, the shape of microcantilever will be deformed. It will move to z- direction that depends on the force direction. Two methods including, Comsol Multiphysics, Ansys and analytical equations have been utilized to calculate the resonance frequency, current and force values. The simulation results include calculating the current (magnetic current density) and effects of the magnetic field of the coil on the cantilever (force calculation). Utilizing this method is to limit faults(errors) of optical fiber laser between transmitter and receiver system (detection system) for any time of cutting coil when the signal of a laser passes through the coil. In conculsions, resonant frequency (f_n) tuning using cantilivier presented in the resrach have larger variable range by using simulations. However,the adjusting of the system and changing the deminsions.Resolutions to this problematic contain tuning the modes of resonant frequency to produce by cantilivier with 2-magnets and coil when the signal pass from laser source. Based on these simulations and characterization results, the proposed assembly can be a good applicant for evolving a low price, high material platform for many biological, laser optical fiber, communication, machine learning, biosensors and biomedical applications.
Quantum Dots for Photovoltaics and Lasers
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles between 2-10 nm in diameter that exhibit quantum confinement effects. Their bandgap can be tuned by varying their size, making them useful for photovoltaics and lasers. For photovoltaics, quantum dots can improve solar cell efficiency by generating multiple electron-hole pairs from a single photon and enabling intermediate bandgaps. For lasers, quantum dots require a lower threshold current for lasing due to their density of states, resulting in improved temperature stability and higher operation speeds compared to quantum well lasers. Recent research has demonstrated lasing with solution-processed quantum dots and threshold currents approaching zero.
Nanomaterials
This document introduces nano-materials and discusses their properties and applications. It defines nano-materials as low-dimensional semiconductor structures between a few nanometers to tens of nanometers in size, including quantum wells, wires, and dots. Electron behavior changes from plane waves in bulk semiconductors to quantized energy levels in nano-structures. Nano-materials are of interest because they combine advantages of semiconductors and atomic systems by allowing controllable electron confinement. Common fabrication methods include top-down patterning and bottom-up self-assembly. Nano-materials exhibit properties like ballistic transport, tunneling, and discrete optical transitions useful for applications in lasers, detectors, and other optoelectronic devices
Optical Response of MoSe2 Crystals
Solar power is a very important source of renewable energy for many low power systems. Matching the power consumption level with the supply level can make a great difference in the efficiency of power utilization. MoSe2, crystals (photo-electrodes) have been grown via a direct vapour transport technique. This paper presents results of Photo Voltage (VPh) Vs. Photo current (IPh)curves measured for MoSe2 crystals of different Intensity levels between 10, 20,'¦100W/cm2 in Polychromatic as well as Monochromatic light. We finding the Open circuit Voltage (VOC), Short circuit current(ISC), fill factor and photo conversion efficiency (?) of Mose2 crystals. The Photo conversion efficiency of this MoSe2 crystals are less than 0.1% in Polychromatic light but nearly 1% in Monochromatic light H. S. Patel | S. P. Shukla | Hitesh Parmar"Optical Response of MoSe2 Crystals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-3 , April 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd66.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/physics/66/optical-response-of-mose2-crystals/h-s-patel
Ashok quantum dots
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit quantum confinement effects due to their small size. They can be made through various methods like colloidal synthesis or electron beam lithography. Their optical properties depend on size, with smaller quantum dots emitting higher energy light. Potential applications include uses in computing, biology, photovoltaics, and light emitting devices.
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After Highschool
This document provides guidance on career paths after 10th grade/high school in India. It outlines options in various fields including arts, commerce, science, engineering, medical, agriculture, and civil service. For science students, it recommends pursuing degrees in engineering, technology, or basic sciences from universities like IITs, NITs, IISc, or pursuing careers in defense. For commerce students, it lists bachelor's degrees in commerce, business, accounts as well as professional certifications in chartered accountancy, cost accounting, and pursuing master's degrees or jobs. For arts students, it lists bachelor's degrees and subjects offered. It acknowledges limitations in the author's knowledge and recommends verifying options elsewhere.
Solar lasers
The document discusses using solar energy as a pumping source for lasers. It provides background on lasers and how they operate via stimulated emission. Researchers have started exploring using sunlight as the pumping source due to its abundant energy and broad spectrum. The first solar-pumped solid-state laser was reported in 1966, but interest increased in recent years. Some studies have achieved over 100 watts of continuous power from solar lasers. Further improving efficiency and achieving specific laser properties could broaden their applications in renewable energy.
Bragg solitons
Bragg solitons are optical solitons that can exist in fiber Bragg gratings due to the interplay between nonlinearity and periodic modulation of the refractive index. Fiber Bragg gratings are fabricated by exposing germanium-doped optical fibers to ultraviolet laser irradiation, which produces a periodic refractive index pattern. Bragg solitons have been experimentally observed to propagate in fiber gratings at velocities between 60-80% of the speed of light in the unwritten fiber. Their properties are mathematically modeled using coupled mode equations that take into account the effects of nonlinearity, dispersion, and the periodic grating structure.
Design and development of solar pumped Nd:YAG Laser
This document presents the design and development of a solar pumped Nd:YAG laser system. It discusses the motivation for using sunlight as the pumping source instead of traditional power supplies. The basic design of the system includes a Fresnel lens for solar concentration, a light guide to transport the sunlight, a laser cavity with Nd:YAG laser rod, and an output coupler. Characterization of the laser rod and other components is also presented. Experimental results show emission spectra when pumping with both solar energy and an 808 nm diode laser. Future applications of this prototype solar laser system include material processing, sensing, and deep space communications.
Solar Laser
The document describes the design and development of a solar pumped Nd:YAG laser. It discusses using a Fresnel lens to focus sunlight onto a laser rod containing neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet to optically pump the laser. The laser cavity and output coupler are also mentioned. Work done so far includes fabricating light guides, measuring focal length and spot size, and developing a cooling system. Simulations have been run to optimize positioning of the light guide and characterize loss mechanisms. The next steps are to place the laser rod in the cavity, align it, and attempt to achieve lasing output. Further optimization and characterization will follow if lasing is achieved.
Dalits in india
Just a look on casteism in India. Let us have a look how much the thinking of people have grown up....
Solar pumped Laser
This document describes the design and development of a solar-pumped Nd:YAG laser. The system aims to convert sunlight into laser light using a Fresnel lens to concentrate sunlight onto a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser rod. A light guide transports the concentrated sunlight to pump the laser rod, which is cooled by a water cooling system. Work completed so far includes constructing the Fresnel lens mount, procuring components, measuring focal length and spot size, fabricating the light guide, and designing the laser cavity. Future plans include optimizing light transport, pumping the system, characterizing laser output, and further design iterations. The goal is to
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Study of Raman Scattering in Carbon nanotubes
Abstract: Present thesis reports the Raman investigation of the Raman scattering in MWNTs as function of laser power. Raman spectra of MWNT were taken at laser parameters (514.5nm, 0.1- 0.6 w). The mathematical analysis of graphitic Raman peaks was done based on Einstein model. Earlier we chose Gaussian and Lorentzian weighting function to investigate Raman graphitic peaks. Earlier we discussed about size dependent Raman scattering in CNTs. When the laser power is increased from a minimum value, it causes the increase in induced temperature in the sample. In this section we have discussed Temperature dependence on Raman spectra. The temperature dependence of linewidth has been interpreted as due to decay of optical phonon into two LA phonons at half optical frequency. Temperature rise in the sample was calculated theoretically as well as experimentally.
Raman Study of Carbon Nanotube
Study of size dependence of Raman scattering in Carbon nanotubes.
To Study Temperature dependence of Raman spectra
To Study spatial distribution of temperature during laser processing
To Study Temperature rise in CNTs as a function of laser power
Theoretically calculated Vs Experimental Raman temperature
PRBS generation
This document describes a project to design a PRBS (pseudo-random binary sequence) generator module using PSpice. A group of 4 students submitted the project, which involved implementing a 4-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR) to generate pseudo-random sequences. Theoretical calculations were shown for different feedback configurations. Simulation results demonstrated the output sequences for feedback from different bit combinations. The project also discussed applications of PRBS and potential extensions, such as generating desired sequences using a parallel-to-serial converter.
Pseudo Random Bit Sequence Generator
This document describes the design and implementation of a PRBS (pseudorandom bit sequence) generator module using a linear feedback shift register (LFSR). It includes the theoretical background of LFSRs, a 4-bit example, hardware implementation on a breadboard and printed circuit board, and results showing the output sequences for different feedback configurations. The generator can be extended to output any desired 8-bit sequence using a parallel-to-serial converter. Maximum randomness was achieved with feedback from the 1st and 2nd shift registers.
LPG Gas detector
This document is a design lab report for an electronic circuit for a gas sensor array. It summarizes the introduction, working principles, and structure of gas sensors. It then describes the specific gas sensor used - the TGS2610 - and provides its specifications and dimensions. The experiment procedure explains the circuit components, diagram, and discussion of how the circuit detects LPG gas and could be extended for multiple sensors or interfaced with data acquisition software.
Photonic crystal fibers (PCF)
This document provides an overview of photonic crystal fibers. It discusses two main light guidance mechanisms in photonic crystal fibers: index guiding and photonic bandgap guidance. Properties of single mode photonic crystal fibers discussed include them being endlessly single mode, having large mode areas, and customizable dispersion properties. Hollow core photonic crystal fibers are also summarized, which have ultra-low loss due to most light propagating through air. Additional fiber types like double core fibers and highly birefringent fibers are briefly mentioned. In summary, the document outlines the key properties and design flexibility of photonic crystal fibers compared to conventional fibers.
Guided modes of Optical Step Index Fiber
This document provides an assignment to:
1) Calculate the modes supported by a parabolic index fiber with specified parameters.
2) Determine the effective indices and group velocities of the supported modes.
3) Plot the transverse field distributions of the modes.
4) Calculate the intermodal dispersion of the fiber from the propagating modes.
Matlab code is provided to solve the problems numerically.
Guided Modes Of Planer waveguide
1. The document contains code to analyze a planar waveguide with refractive indices of n1=2.22 and n2=2.2 at wavelengths of 500nm, 1000nm, and 1500nm.
2. The code calculates the number of guided modes, effective indices, field distributions, and cutoff wavelength for each wavelength.
3. Plots of the normalized field distributions Ey(x) inside and outside the waveguide are generated for each wavelength and guided mode.
Liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLMs)
This document discusses spatial light modulators (SLMs), which are devices that spatially modulate light beams. It describes different types of SLMs including electrically-addressed SLMs (EASLMs) and optically-addressed SLMs (OASLMs). EASLMs are controlled electronically via computer signals, while OASLMs are controlled optically by light patterns. The document focuses on liquid crystal EASLMs, which modulate light by altering the orientation of liquid crystal molecules with electric fields. Common applications of SLMs include optical processing, image projection, and adaptive optics.
Hydrogen storage
This document discusses various methods for hydrogen storage, including compression, liquefaction, physisorption, metallic hydrides, and complex hydrides. Physisorption through cryoadsorption of hydrogen onto activated carbon at 77K provides a gravimetric density of 10.8% and volumetric density of 41 kg/m3, making it economically competitive. Metallic hydrides like LaNi5H6 provide high volumetric densities but lower gravimetric densities of less than 3%. Complex hydrides show the highest densities but challenges with hydrogen release dynamics.
Argon ion lasers
1. The document summarizes the components and operation of an argon ion laser. It describes the argon ion laser's active medium, pumping source using electrical discharge, and optical resonator.
2. Key components include a plasma tube with a beryllium oxide bore, mirrors to form an optical cavity, and a high voltage power supply. Population inversion is created when argon atoms are excited into higher energy levels via electron collisions.
3. Argon ion lasers emit multiple wavelengths between ultraviolet and green, including prominent lines at 488nm and 514.5nm. They have applications in spectroscopy, microscopy, surgery, and more.
Laser eye surgery
The document discusses corneal refractive surgery using femtosecond lasers. It begins by describing common vision problems like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It then discusses the history and development of refractive eye surgery using excimer lasers. Different types of laser eye surgery procedures are described such as LASIK, LASEK, PRK. The document outlines the procedure for femtosecond laser surgery, the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with corneal tissue, and examples of refractive corrections that can be achieved. It concludes by discussing the advantages of laser eye surgery over non-laser surgeries and potential risks.
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Pc laser
- 2. Photonic crystals ?? Crystals composed of periodic dielectric or metallo- dielectric nanostructure that affect the propagation of photon in the same way as the periodic potential in a semiconductor crystal affects the electron motion by defining allowed and forbidden electronic energy bands.
- 3. Why Photonic crystals ?? Give us a control over photon flow and an even greater control over material properties. Quantum dots that provide mode confinement and density of optical state structures for feedback to take place By using 2-D photonic crystals the dimensions of micro- resonators can be greatly reduced. Tuning of cavity, by changing refractive index. Easy to control spontaneous emission, bend light sharply, trap photons and make devices that provide other important advances regarding lasers. Artificially defect states can be introduced .
- 4. Design To evaluate the use of quantum dots within the active region of laser, a separate confinement heterostructure laser with 7 layers of quantum dots is fabricated Patterned on two crossing waveguides. The top GaAs waveguide contains a quantum dots-in-a-well structure, which serves as the active material for the laser. The nanocavity, located at the two waveguide’s intersection, creates a high-Q optical resonator with the 1-D photonic crystals acting as highly reflective mirrors.
- 5. Confinement and Control Electrical confinement via the energy band structure and Optical confinement is achieved by means of ridge waveguides and index contrast. By removing some of the holes in one of the photonic crystals, one can control the direction of the emitted light Higher powers can be produced by fabricating nanocavities in arrays. Coherent coupling of the cavities generates a single-mode beam from a small array.
- 6. What is special in pc laser Ultralow threshold (667 A/cm2 for Lateral cavity PC laser) High Quality factors (>1x10^6) Optical as well as electrical pumping (now) can be used. Both in the CW and pulsed mode of operation at a variety of temperatures (@ room temp. in CW) Flexibility in shape and size. PC nanocavities are an ideal platform for low- power laser sources because strong light- matter interaction can be obtained. But Power ~µw
- 7. Applications As low jitter sources of single, indistinguishable photons in quantum information processing and related areas. Low threshold spectroscopy sources and operation of photonic crystal laser in ambient organic solutions Used to perform spectroscopic tests on femtoliter volume of analyte and for high resolution spectroscopy with single molecule sensitivity Advantageous for optical interconnects which require speed of the high-speed communications(order of terahertz).
- 8. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal http://web.mit.edu/cbegroup/www/index.html www.cmu.edu/physics/research/nano-physics/index.html http://ieeexplore.ieee.org http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v93/i22/p221102_s1 http://www.opticsinfobase.org/view_article.cfm?gotour http://ab-initio.mit.edu/book/ http://www.stanford.edu/group/nqp/jv_files/papers/hatice- laser.pdf
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