Acute exacerbations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AEx-IPF) occur in 5-10% of IPF patients annually and carry a poor prognosis. The pathophysiology of AEx-IPF involves acute lung injury superimposed on the underlying usual interstitial pneumonia pattern, and may be triggered by occult infection or gastroesophageal reflux disease. Management consists mainly of supportive care and corticosteroids, though outcomes remain poor. Preserving lung function and treating gastroesophageal reflux may help reduce the risk and impact of AEx-IPF.
Interstitial Lung Diseases [ILD] Approach to ManagementArun Vasireddy
Diffuse (interstitial) lung disease includes a wide variety of relatively uncommon conditions presenting with characteristic clusters of clinical features and marked by an immune response. There are over 200 specific diffuse lung diseases, many of unknown etiology. The combined incidence is 50 per 100,000, or 1 in 2000 people. Because these conditions cause aberrant lung function, morbidity and mortality due to lung injury and fibrosis are not uncommon. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to the development of diffuse lung disease. Antigen processing and presentation are important in the development of the immune response seen in the disease, and it is thought that the likely candidate genes predisposing patients to this category of disease are those of the major histocompatibility complex. Genes that affect the immune, inflammatory, and fibrotic processes may also influence who develops the disease. If we can identify the genes that cause diseases characterized by lung injury and fibrosis, we can eventually develop genetic interventional approaches to treatment.
Interstitial Lung Diseases [ILD] Approach to ManagementArun Vasireddy
Diffuse (interstitial) lung disease includes a wide variety of relatively uncommon conditions presenting with characteristic clusters of clinical features and marked by an immune response. There are over 200 specific diffuse lung diseases, many of unknown etiology. The combined incidence is 50 per 100,000, or 1 in 2000 people. Because these conditions cause aberrant lung function, morbidity and mortality due to lung injury and fibrosis are not uncommon. Both environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to the development of diffuse lung disease. Antigen processing and presentation are important in the development of the immune response seen in the disease, and it is thought that the likely candidate genes predisposing patients to this category of disease are those of the major histocompatibility complex. Genes that affect the immune, inflammatory, and fibrotic processes may also influence who develops the disease. If we can identify the genes that cause diseases characterized by lung injury and fibrosis, we can eventually develop genetic interventional approaches to treatment.
the scenario given at the start of ppt z nt interstitial lung diseases... its a similar diseases to it.... diagnose it urself to differniate it and hv better command over diffferntial diagnosis.
Experts prepared useful practice aids pertaining to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis for this CME activity titled "Examining the IPF Patient’s Journey to Diagnosis, Appropriate Therapy, and Overall Individualized Care." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2PAjmgV. CME credit will be available until November 19, 2019.
Oxygen Therapy is not Beneficial in COPD Patients with Moderate HypoxaemiaGamal Agmy
A Randomized Trial of Long-Term Oxygen for COPD with Moderate Desaturation
The Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group*
N Engl J Med. 2016 October 27; 375(17): 1617–1627
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
5. 50%
Years
Respiratory
Function/Symptoms
1 2 3
Acute exacerbation
Step Theory of UIP/IPF Progression
Progression of IPF: Acute Exacerbation vs
Slow Decline
FVC
0 4
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;29(3 suppl):S1-S105.
=hits
6. Multiple Hypotheses for the
Pathogenesis of IPF
• Inflammation causes fibrosis
• Noninflammatory (multiple hit) hypothesis:
fibrosis results from epithelial injury and
abnormal wound healing in the absence of
chronic inflammation
• Vascular remodeling: aberrant vascular
remodeling supports fibrosis, and may contribute
to increased shunt and hypoxemia
Noble PW, Homer RJ. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:749-758, vii.
Raghu G, Chang J. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25: 621-636, v.
Strieter R. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;29(3 suppl):S67-S69.
7. • Inflammation causes fibrosis
– Inflammatory concept was dominant in the 1970s and
1980s
• IPF resulted from unremitting inflammatory response
to injury culminating in progressive fibrosis
– Role of inflammation remains controversial
• Lack of efficacy of corticosteroids
Noble PW, Homer RJ. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:749-758, vii.
Raghu G, Chang J. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:621-636, v.
Injury Inflammation Fibrosis
Inflammatory Hypothesis
10. • Fibrosis results from epithelial/endothelial injury
and abnormal wound healing in the absence of
chronic inflammation
– Recurrent, unknown injury to distal pulmonary parenchyma
causes repeated epithelial cell injury and apoptosis
– Loss of alveolar epithelium exposes basement membrane
to oxidative injury and degradation
– Failure of re-epithelialization/re-endothelialization provides
stimulus for persistent profibrotic growth factor production,
persistent fibroblast proliferation, excessive deposition of
ECM, and progressive fibrosis
Noble PW, Homer RJ. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:749-758, vii.
Raghu G, Chang J. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:621-636, v.
Selman M, et al. Drugs. 2004;64:405-430.
Noninflammatory (multiple hit)
Hypothesis
11. Noninflammatory (multiple hit) Hypothesis
Recurrent
pulmonary
injury
Epithelial/
endothelial
injury and
apoptosis
Loss of basement
membrane
Failure of
re-epithelialization/
re-endothelialization
ECM
deposition
Fibroblast
proliferation
Release of
profibrotic
growth factors
(TGF-b, PDGF,
IGF-1)
Progressive fibrosis with loss of
lung architecture
TGF-b = transforming growth factor-beta
PDGF = platelet derived growth factor
IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor-1
Noble PW, Homer RJ. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:749-758, vii.
Raghu G, Chang J. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:621-636, v. Selman M, et al. Drugs. 2004;64:405-430.
12. • Aberrant vascular remodeling supports fibrosis and may
contribute to increased shunt and hypoxemia
Increased angiogenesis results from imbalance of pro-angiogenic
chemokines (IL-8, ENA-78) and anti-angiogenic, IFN-inducible
chemokines (IP-10)
Vascular remodeling leads to anastomoses between the
systemic/pulmonary microvasculature, increasing right-to-left shunt,
contributing to hypoxemia
Chemokine
imbalance
Increased
angiogenesis
Fibrosis
Noble PW, Homer RJ. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:749-758, vii.
Strieter RM, et al. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;29(3 suppl):S67-S69.
Vascular Remodeling Hypothesis
Aberrant
vascular
remodeling
13. Defects in Host Defense Mechanisms
May Contribute to Fibrosis
• Defects in endogenous host defense
mechanisms (eg, IFN-g, PGE2 production) that
limit fibrosis after acute lung injury may
contribute to progressive fibrosis
Noble PW, Homer RJ. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:749-758, vii.
14. NHLBI in an attempt to standardize the diagnostic
criteria used across studies . This committee defined
AEx-IPF as an acute, clinically significant deterioration
of unidentifiable cause and proposed five diagnostic
criteria.
Definition of AEx-IPF
15. 1- Previous or concurrent diagnosis of IPF
2- Unexplained worsening or development of dyspnea within 30
days
3- HRCT with new bilateral ground-glass abnormality and/or
consolidation superimposed on a background reticular or
honeycomb pattern consistent with UIP pattern
4- No evidence of pulmonary infection by endotracheal aspirate
or BAL
5- Exclusion of alternative causes, including:
• Left heart failure
• Pulmonary embolism
• Identifiable cause of acute lung injury.
Diagnostic criteria for AEx-IPF
16. Incidence of AEx-IPF
*American Thoracic Society (ATS), European
Respiratory Society (ERS), Japanese Respiratory
Society (JRS) and Latin American Thoracic Association
(ALAT) on the diagnosis and treatment of IPF state
that AEx- IPF occurs in approximately 5–10% of
patients with diagnosed IPF annually
*A recent retrospective study of data collected from
461 patients with diagnosed IPF found 1-year and 3-
year incidences of AEx-IPF of 14.2% and 20.7%,
respectively .
*However, the incidence rates of AEx-IPF reported in
clinical trials have tended to be lower than this.
17. Pathophysiology of AEx-IPF
A variety of patterns of acute lung injury have been observed in
AEx-IPF . The most common histopathological finding is diffuse
alveolar damage superimposed on the underlying usual
interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern , but organizing pneumonia
and extensive fibroblastic foci have also been reported.
Several hypotheses for the etiology of AEx-IPF have been
proposed. AEx-IPF may represent a sudden acceleration of the
underlying disease process due to unknown acute injury to the
lung, or a biologically distinct pathological process due to a
clinically occult condition, such as infection or gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD)
18. Pathophysiology of AEx-IPF
As AEx-IPF have a clinical presentation that shares a number of
features with viral respiratory infections (e.g. fever, cough, myalgia), it
has been suggested that occult viral infection may contribute to the
pathophysiology of AEx-IPF.
Several hypotheses for the etiology of AEx-IPF have been proposed.
AEx-IPF may represent a sudden acceleration of the underlying
disease process due to unknown acute injury to the lung, or a
biologically distinct pathological process due to a clinically occult
condition, such as infection or gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD).
However, the evidence supporting the involvement of viral
infections in AEx- IPF is mixed .The most recent and extensive
study, which used genomic-based technologies to investigate the
role of viruses in the etiology of AEx-IPF, suggested that viral
infection is not a common cause ofAEx-IPF.
19. Pathophysiology of AEx-IPF
Activation of the immune system, disordered coagulation/fibrinolysis, and oxidative
stress may all contribute to the pathophysiology of AEx-IPF. Immune cells (e.g.
neutrophils, macrophages) ,inflammatory mediators (e.g. interleukin 6, high mobility
group protein B1) ,markers of coagulation/fibrinolysis (e.g. protein C,
thrombomodulin, and plasma activator inhibitor-1) , and markers of oxidative stress
(thioredoxin 1) are all elevated in patients with AEx-IPF.
Epithelial cell damage in patients with IPF is demonstrated by over-expression of
matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, MMP-9 , and Krebs von den Lungen- 6 (KL-6) .
Accelerated epithelial cell proliferation, with increases in the proliferation markers
CCNA2 and Ki-67, in patients with AEx-IPF may be a compensatory response to
injury, and is associated with epithelial cell death. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-
beta, a fibrogenic cytokine, is upregulated in IPF and galectin-3, a mediator of
fibrosis induced by TGF-beta, is elevated in the lungs and serum of patients with
stable IPF and AEx-IPF . Circulating bone marrowderived fibrocytes may also provide
a source of lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, as the number of circulating
fibrocytes has been shown to be higher in patients with IPF and AEx-IPF, compared
with healthy subjects
20. Risk factors and precipitating factors for AEx-IPF
*Lower total lung capacity, lower forced vital capacity (FVC)
and/or lower diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon
monoxide (DLco).
*A higher degree of dyspnea (score ≥2 on the modified
Medical Research Council dyspnea scale) or of fibrosis on HRCT
has been shown to increase the risk of AEx-IPF, as has the
presence of concomitant conditions such as emphysema or
pulmonary hypertension.
*Invasive examinations such as bronchoscopy ,
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and pulmonary resection for
lung cancer can precipitate AEx-IPF.
21. Risk factors and precipitating factors for AEx-IPF
*surgical lung biopsy is a precipitating factor for AEx-IPF;
however, the risk of AEx-IPF from video-assisted thoracoscopic
operation appears to be elevated only in patients with severe
physiologic impairment or substantial comorbidity
*In some patients with AEx-IPF, pepsin levels were found to be
elevated in BAL fluid, suggesting a possible role for GERD in
the pathogenesis of AEx-IPF .There is some evidence to
suggest that the treatment of GERD in patients with IPF
reduces mortality rates .
22. Impact of AEx-IPF on patients
*AEx-IPF are certainly a leading cause of hospitalization and
death among patients with IPF. Median survival after an AEx-
IPF has been reported to be between 22 days and 4.2 months.
*There is some evidence that patients with better lung
function (FVC, PaO2, DLCO) prior to AEx-IPF are more likely to
survive an AEx-IPF , suggesting that preservation of lung
function may be an important way of reducing the impact of
AEx-IPF in patients with IPF.
23. Management of AEx-IPF
*The latest international treatment guidelines state that
supportive care remains the mainstay of treatment for AEx-IPF,
but also give a weak recommendation for the treatment of the
majority of patients with AEx-IPF with corticosteroids.
*In clinical practice, the treatment of AEx-IPF is variable.
Corticosteroids (e.g. prednisone, methylprednisolone) are used
in the majority of patients who suffer an AEx-IPF, usually in
pulse doses. Preliminary data suggest that response to high-
dose corticosteroid treatment may depend on the type of HRCT
lesion, with better responses achieved in those with a
peripheral pattern
24. Management of AEx-IPF
*Broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppressants
(cyclosporin or cyclophosphamide) are sometimes used in
addition to corticosteroids .However, the efficacy of
immunosuppressants in the treatment of AEx-IPF is based on a
few small retrospective studies that do not provide conclusive
evidence for benefit.
*Mechanical ventilation is often used in patients with AEx-IPF,
but the data on its effects on outcomes are mixed.
*Other treatments for AEx-IPF that havebeen investigated in
small studies include polymyxin Bimmobilized fiber column
(PMX) hemoperfusion and tacrolimus, a cytokine transcription
inhibitor ,usually administered in addition to corticosteroids.
25. Reducing the risk of exacerbations
*A trial of sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, showed a
numerical reduction in AEx-IPF in patients given sildenafil versus
placebo (3 [3.4%] vs. 7 [7.6%]), but the number of events was
small and the difference was not statistically significant .
*Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor , bosentan, an endothelin
receptor antagonist, the anticoagulant warfarin , and inhaled
Nacetylcysteine , numerically higher rates of AEx-IPF were found
in the active treatment arms compared with the placebo arms.
*triple therapy with prednisone, azathioprine,and N-
acetylcysteine in patients with IPF, a significantly higher rate of
AEx-IPF was observed in patients receiving triple therapy versus
placebo
26. Reducing the risk of exacerbations
*Pirfenidone, an anti-fibrotic molecule that has been licensed for the
treatment of IPF in Japan, India, China, Europe, and Canada, but was not
approved in the United States, has shown inconsistent effects on AEx-IPF.
*Nintedanib (formerly known as BIBF 1120) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in
clinical development for the treatment of IPF. It reported a lower incidence of
AEx-IPF was observed in patients treated with nintedanib 300 mg/day than
placebo (2.4 vs. 15.7 AEx-IPF per 100 patient years)
*It is interesting that nintedanib may have an effect on AEx-IPF whereas the
tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, which inhibits the platelet-derived growth
factor receptor (PDGFR), did not . Nintedanib is an inhibitor of PDGFR,
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and fibroblast growth
factor receptor (FGFR) and this specificity of inhibition may be key to its
effects on AEx-IPF
27. Reducing the risk of exacerbations
*Anti-acid treatment might decrease the frequency of AEx-IPF
by reducing the acidity of the microaspirate .