Mohammad Muztaba Khan is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmacology at Bhavdiya institute siwar Sohawal in Ayodhya. The document discusses ischemic heart disease (IHD), which occurs when there is an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle caused by narrowed arteries. IHD includes conditions like angina and myocardial infarction. Angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart during physical activity or times of increased demand. There are different types of angina that vary based on triggers and symptoms. Diagnosis of IHD and angina involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and coronary angiography.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Angina pectoris is a medical condition resulting in chest pain or discomfort. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart is not getting enough blood supply. the pain related to angina is temporary, but if left untreated can make serious heart complications inevitable.
Study Material
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack. MI is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death (infarction) of the heart muscle (myocardium). It is a type of acute coronary syndrome, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of coronary artery disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Ischemic heart Disease, Ischemia, Mechanism of Action, signs and symptoms, Causes of Ischemia, Ischemia in different body parts, Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Artherosclerosis, Drugs used to treat ischemia and recent discovery related to Cardiac ischemia. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Angina pectoris is a medical condition resulting in chest pain or discomfort. Angina pectoris occurs when the heart is not getting enough blood supply. the pain related to angina is temporary, but if left untreated can make serious heart complications inevitable.
Study Material
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack. MI is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. Myocardial infarction (MI) refers to tissue death (infarction) of the heart muscle (myocardium). It is a type of acute coronary syndrome, which describes a sudden or short-term change in symptoms related to blood flow to the heart. Myocardial infarction is a common presentation of coronary artery disease. The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
This presentation provides a knowledge about Ischemic heart Disease, Ischemia, Mechanism of Action, signs and symptoms, Causes of Ischemia, Ischemia in different body parts, Angina, Myocardial Infarction, Artherosclerosis, Drugs used to treat ischemia and recent discovery related to Cardiac ischemia. An assignment for the subject, Advanced Pharmacology-I, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
The human heart is a muscular organ with four chambers The size of the heart is the size of about a clenched fist. The function of the heart is to maintain a constant flow of blood throughout the body. This replenishes oxygen and circulates nutrients among the cells and tissues.
Several conditions impair the heart’s function. In Medical Terminology we use the term "heart disease". A list of Some Heart diseases is as follows:-
1(a). Disorders of heart rate, rhythm, and conduction
1.1 Sinus Arrhythmia -
Phasic alteration of heart rate during respiration may be due to activity in the parasympathetic system. can be two types:-
sinus bradycardia - Sinus rate is less than 60/min, Like normally present in Athletes.
Pathological Causes -Myocardial Infarction, Sinus Node Disease, Hypothermia, Hypothyroidism, Cholestatic jaundice, Raised Intracranial pressure, drugs like beta-blockers or verapamil.
Sinus Tachycardia - Heart rate of more than 100/min, it may be associated with exercise, pregnancy, and emotion.
After that Pathological Causes of Anxiety, Fever, Anemia, Heart Failure, Thyrotoxicosis, Phaeochromocytoma, and Drugs like bronchodilators.
1.2 Atrial tachyarrhythmias
Heart Disease having Atrial tachyarrhythmias are irregular fast heartbeat in the upper chambers of the heart(atria)
1.3 Atrial ectopic beats
Ectopic heartbeats are extra heartbeats that occur just before a regular beat. Ectopic beats are normal but can give the sensation of a missed beat.
1.4 Atrial tachycardia
It is a type of Heart Disease in which arrhythmia(an irregular heart rhythm) causes the upper chambers(atria) of the heart to beat faster than normal. This condition has several possible causes but is usually not dangerous. It is often curable or manageable with medication.
1.5 Atrial flutter
It Is one of the abnormal heart rhythms characterized by the right atrium beating quickly and encircling the tricuspid annulus.
1.6 Atrial fibrillation
In AF the upper chambers of the heart (the atria) beat irregularly instead of beating effectively to move blood into the ventricles. It is characterized by the presence of multiple, interacting re-entry circuits looping around the area. if untreated atrial fibrillation doubles the risk of heart-related deaths and associated serious conditions like stroke.
common causes may be coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, hypertension, sinoatrial disease, hyperthyroidism, alcohol, cardiomyopathy, chest infection, congenital heart disease, pericardial disease, and pulmonary embolism.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
1. Mohammad Muztaba Khan
Assistant professor(Jr.)
Department of Pharmacology
Bhavdiya institute siwar Sohawal
Ayodhya
Ischemic heart disease
Angina & MI
3/19/2019 1MOHAMMAD MUZTABA
2. Ischemic heart disease
Also known as Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
It's the term given to heart problems caused by narrowed heart
arteries. When arteries are narrowed, less blood and oxygen reaches
the heart muscle. This is also called coronary artery disease and
coronary heart disease. This can ultimately lead to heart attack.
• Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a condition in which there is an
inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to a portion of the
myocardium
• Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply
and demand.
• Caused mainly by Atherosclerosis of Coronary Artery
• It includes
– Angina: Stable & Unstable
– Myocardial infarction
– Heart failure & Arrhythmia
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3. • A type of chest pain
• Not a disease, its a symptom of an
underlying heart problem specially
IHD
• Ischemia often causes chest pain or
discomfort known as angina
pectoris.
Angina
Angina or ankhon = Pain/Stragling
Pectis = chest
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4. MOHAMMAD MUZTABA3/19/2019 4
Knowing the types of angina and how they differ
is important.
Stable Angina / Angina Pectoris.
Unstable Angina.
Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina.
Refractory/Microvascular Angina.
5. Types of Angina contt………
Stable Angina: occurs when increased physical activity (e.g.,
hurrying across a street or climbing a long stairs) which creates a
greater demand for oxygen-rich blood to reach heart tissue
• Pain is relieved by rest and medicine
Unstable angina : Pain is not relieved by rest or medicine
•Arterial blockage by plaque and blood clots
•Pain occurs during rest or physical effort, and is unpredictable
• This type usually is caused by the formation of a blood clot at the
site of a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery.
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6. • Variant (Prinzmetal’s) angina: Prinzmetal’s angina almost
always occurs when a person is at rest, usually between
midnight and early morning. These attacks can be very
painful.
• Causes of Variant (Prinzmetal) Angina: The pain from
variant angina is caused by a spasm in the coronary arteries
(which supply blood to the heart muscle).
Types of Angina (cont.)
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7. • Refractory angina/microvascular : Spasms within the walls of
these very small arterial blood vessels causes reduced blood
flow to the heart muscle leading to a type of chest pain referred
to as microvascular angina.
• Pain is longer in duration and is not relieved by medicine or rest
Types of Angina (cont.)
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8. Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery spasm
Use of cocaine
Blockage of coronary artery by blood clot or compression
Inflammation or infection of coronary artery
Injury to coronary artery
Poor functioning of tiny blood vessels
Family history of premature coronary artery disease
DM, systemic HTN.
Cigarette smoking.
Hypercholesterolemia.
Others as obesity, increase levels of lipoprotein, fibrinogen,
Causes of angina
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9. Symptoms of angina
Gastrointestinal: heartburn, indigestion, or nausea
Respiratory: rapid breathing or shortness of breath
Chest pain or discomfort, possibly described as pressure,
squeezing, burning or fullness.
Pain in your arms, neck, jaw, shoulder or back accompanying chest pain.
Nausea.
Fatigue.
Shortness of breath.
Sweating.
Dizziness.
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10. Pathophysiology
• Myocardial ischemia develops when coronary blood flow becomes
inadequate to meet myocardial oxygen demand.
• This causes myocardial cells to switch from aerobic to anaerobic
metabolism, with a progressive impairment of metabolic,
mechanical, and electrical functions.
• Studies have shown that adenosine may be the main chemical
mediator of anginal pain. During ischemia, ATP is degraded to
adenosine, which, after diffusion to the extracellular space, causes
arteriolar dilation and anginal pain.
3/19/2019 10MOHAMMAD MUZTABA